<p>The Boyce Building is an historic building in Chicago, Illinois, associated with William D. Boyce and his publishing house, which catered to small towns. The building was also the headquarters of his Lone Scouts of America.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Boyce Building is a twelve-story office building clad in light gray Vermont granite and red brick. The steel-framed structure is on the northwest corner of Dearborn and Illinois Streets on Chicagos Near North Side. It was built in three phases from 1911 to 1923. Boyce commissioned Daniel H. Burnham & Co. to design the building in 1911. Plans were made to expand it to a ten-story structure, but this never happened. A four-story section of the building was built in 1912 north of another building housing Boyces offices. The older building was then demolished, and the second portion of the four-story building was completed in 1914. The basement had a power plant and the first floor housed five printing presses and a mail room. The building could manufacture 180,000 papers per hour at full capacity.</p><br>
<p>Christian A. Eckstrom designed an eight-story expansion in 1921, completed in 1923. Eckstrom adopted some of Burnham&#39;s plan, but eliminated his mansard roof, making a more cohesive though less intricate building. A terra cotta cornice was removed in the 1980s.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>William D. Boyce was born in Pennsylvania and grew up in a rural town. He moved to Chicago in 1881, where he gained experience in sales and publishing. He briefly moved to Winnipeg, Manitoba, where he co-founded The Commercial, then found a job as a reporter in Fargo, North Dakota. In 1882, he moved to nearby Lisbon, North Dakota, and founded the Dakota Clipper weekly newspaper. During the 1884 World Cotton Centennial, Boyce worked at the Bureau of Correspondence, which provided news from the fair to 1200 member newspapers across the nation. He sold his interest in the Clipper in 1885 and returned to Chicago with an interest in small-town news.</p><br>
<p>Boyce partnered with R. R. Donnelley to found a print service for small-town newspapers. These "ready print" stories catered to the interest of small-town readers, but were of higher quality than most towns could otherwise afford. He convinced Donnelley and two other partners to found a national weekly newspaper to cater to these audiences, the Saturday Blade. First published in June 1887, Boyce soon purchased the shares of his partners and managed the paper as the W. D. Boyce Publishing Company. Boyce purchased a story paper, the Chicago Ledger, in 1891. He consolidated his publishing interests into one building 1907. Boyce distributed his papers through a network of paperboys. At its peak in the 1910s, his agency was associated with 30,000 boys throughout the United States and Canada.</p><br>
<p>While in London for business, Boyce happened across a Boy Scout. He sought out the leader of the organization, Robert Baden-Powell, and became interested in their practices. When he returned to Chicago, he founded a national chapter, the Boy Scouts of America. He agreed to turn over control of the organization to the Y.M.C.A. soon thereafter. He intended to continue to finance and print Boys Life from his printing house, but the Y.M.C.A. refused. Though Boyces affiliation with the Boy Scouts was brief, he soon founded a companion organization, the Lone Scouts of America. The Lone Scouts focused on Boyce&#39;s target audience—small town residents—which had been largely ignored by the burgeoning Boy Scout chapter. He published its magazine, Lone Scout, at the Boyce Building. By 1919, there were 300,000 Lone Scouts in 4,600 "tribes". However, the diminishing isolation felt in small town America by the 1920s due to improved technology and infrastructure caused a reduction in Lone Scout enrollment.</p><br>
<p>The original Boyce Building was only four stories tall, even though the original plan was to build ten. The extra space was intended for lease, but Boyce did not see the need for additional income at the time. Now more financially strapped, Boyce commissioned the construction of the rest of his namesake building in 1921, completed two years later. The Lone Scouts were merged into the Boy Scouts in 1924. Boyce died in his penthouse on the top floor of the Boyce Building on June 11, 1929. The Boyce Building is the only remaining building associated with his publishing and scouting career. Earlier publishing buildings at 116 and 215 Dearborn, as well as an earlier office building at 32 North Dearborn, have been demolished. Both of Boyces houses have been destroyed; only his hunting lodge at South Dakotas Fort Sisseton Historic State Park, which was not associated with his scouting or publishing interests, remains. The main period of significance for the building is 1912, when the first four-story portion was completed, to 1929, when Boyce died. The building was recognized by the National Park Service with a listing on the National Register of Historic Places on February 29, 1996.</p><br>
<p>The Bloomfield-Nulhegan River Route 102 Bridge is a historic bridge in Bloomfield, Vermont. It carries Vermont Route 102 over the Nulhegan River, near its mouth at the Connecticut River just south of Bloomfield Village. Built in 1937, it is a well-preserved example of a Pratt through truss, exhibiting then state-of-the-art engineering. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Vermont Route 102 crosses the Nulhegan River just south of the village center and west of the Connecticut River. The bridge carrying the highway is a six-panel single-span steel Pratt through truss bridge, resting on concrete abutments. Its length is 134 ft and its width is 24 ft, with a portal clearance height of 15 ft. It stands about 10 ft above the river and carries two lanes of traffic. The trusses are formed out of rolled I-beams that were assembled on site using hydraulic riveting, a technology introduced in the 1920s. The decking consists of pavement laid on concrete over I-beams that are mounted on the truss bottom chords and riveted to their vertical elements.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was built in 1937, and was built using standards and technologies introduced by the state during a bridge-building program introduced after a major flooding event in the state in 1927. It is a well-preserved example of a Pratt truss of the period, and the riveting technology enabled the bridge to be fabricated on site, rather than shipping the trusses from a factory.</p><br>
<p>The Gordon-Center House is a historic house on West Shore Road  in Grand Isle, Vermont. Probably built in first quarter of the 19th century, it was long been associated with the nearby ferry service to Plattsburgh, New York, and is one of the town&#39;s few surviving 19th-century stone buildings. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Gordon-Center House stands on the east side of West Shore Road, north of the Gordons Landing ferry terminus and just south of the Ed Weed Cultural Fish Station. It is a 2-1/2 story stone structure, built out of ashlar granite and coursed rubble, with a side-gable slate roof and two interior chimneys. The entrance is centered on the main facade, and features a distinctive oversized keystone arch. A 2-1/2 story wood-frame wing, dating to early in the buildings history, extends to the left. The property also includes five barns, all built before 1930, reflective of the evolutionary changes in the property&#39;s agricultural uses.</p><br>
<p>Apparently completed in 1824, the interior has retained a few Federal style details despite fairly extensive alterations early in the 20th century. The building was long been associated with the ferry service operated, and tradition has it that its construction was begun by Hazen Bell and completed by someone named Boardman. Both were known to be operators of the ferry service, and its subsequent owners were also ferry owners and operators until 1941. The Gordon and Center families were later owners of both the house and ferry privilege in the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The Gilead Brook Bridge is a historic bridge which carries Vermont Route 12 across Gilead Brook north of the center of Bethel, Vermont. Built in 1928, it is one of four multi-span Warren deck truss bridges built in the state after extensive flooding in 1927. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Gilead Brook Bridge is located in northern Bethel, carrying Vermont Route 12 across Gilead Brook just south of its junction with Gilead Brook Road. It is a four-span Warren deck truss bridge, resting on concrete abutments and piers. It is 326 ft long and 26 ft wide, and rises about 33 ft above the brook. The trusses are assembled with rivets, and the approach spans consist of rolled I-beams with extra plates on the lower flange for additional reinforcement. The bridge deck is concrete, with concrete curbs, and carries two lanes of traffic.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was built in 1928 as part of a major bridge-building program after extensive flooding in the state in 1927. At that time, Route 12 was one of the major north-south routes in the White River valley between White River Junction and Montpelier. It is one of only four Warren deck truss bridges built at the time, and is nearly identical to the former Ottauquechee River Bridge, which carried United States Route 5 in Hartland. These types of trusses were used by the state to replace the longest spans, and was well suited to the deep stream bed and inclined route of the roadway.</p><br>
<p>Garth was an important and historic house in the township of Garth in Guilsfield in Montgomeryshire. In the 18th century it became the home of the Mytton family who had originally been Shrewsbury mercers, who derived their wealth from the Montgomeryshire weaving industry. They had settled at Pontyscoweryd in Meifod and at Halston in Shropshire. The most famous members of the family were General Mytton, the Parliamentary Commander in the Civil War in the Marches and “Mad Jack Mytton”, the eccentric 19th. century squire of Halston. Probably at the end of the 18th. century a grandiose rebuilding scheme was started by Devereux Mytton. His grandson, Richard Mytton, who inherited Garth in 1809 at the age of 23 was faced with financial problems. The Myttons were never able to afford to live in style in this house. It is often stated that it cost nearly £100,000 to build The family continued to own the house until 1947, when it was finally demolished.</p><br>
<h2>Earlier History</h2><br>
<p>Garth is a historic site of considerable antiquity. It may have been the home of Sir Griffith Vychan who had fought at Agincourt in 1415, and was descended from Brochwel Ysgithrog, Prince of Powys. Humphrey Wynn of Garth who was living in 1569 was fourth in descent from Gruffydd Fychan. His grandson was Brochwel Wynn, whose daughter Dorothy, was to marry Richard Mytton of Pontescowryd in Meifod in 1717. With this marriage, Garth passed to the Mytton family. Richard Mytton rebuilt the front portion of the house in brick with fashionable Georgian Venetian windows. Richard Mytton was High Sheriff of Montgomeryshire in 1730. His son Devereux Mytton was to live at Garth until his death in 1809. It appears that Devereux Mytton had already embarked on an ambitious building programme at Garth before his grandson Richard Mytton inherited Garth, at the age 23, in 1809 His grandson Richard probable completed the stable block, but found himself faced with considerable debts; and the families finances was not helped by the collapse of Myttons Bank in Welshpool. Richard Mytton left for France in 1811 to avoid bankruptcy, and, by the skilful use of Trusts, the family managed to retain Garth and most of its estate. After the death of Richard Mytton in 1828, Garth continued to be lived in by Richards wife Charlotte until about 1850, when her son Richard Herbert Mytton, who had joined the Bengal Civil Service returned from India. In 1856 he became High Sheriff of Montgomeryshire. His son Devereux Herbert Mytton succeeded him on his death in 1869.</p><br>
<h2>The Garth Myth</h2><br>
<p>It would appear that in 1811 the Richard Mytton had placed much of his property into a trust as, he wishes to go abroad, apparently to Boulonge, to avoid bankruptcy and the debtors prison. Presumably, in much straitened circumstances, he had returned to England by 1818, when he was admitted to St. Johns College, Cambridge. He gained a Bachelor of Laws Degree in 1820 and was ordained by the Bishop of Hereford, and was curate of Trelystan from 1820-6. He left for India in 1826 and in 1827 the Rev. Richard Mytton, late of Garth, now of Calcutta, East Indies had to make over further lands to the commissioners of taxes in consideration of a large sum of money owed to Crown Mytton died in February 1828, and there is a memorial in Guilsfield Church describing him as chaplain of Barrackpore, Bengal and to the Governor General of India. At the time of his death on 23rd Feb 1828, the Rev Richard Mytton was on board the Palmyra, returning from India to England. The suggestion that Mytton made a fortune in India, which he used to fund the building of Garth appears to be a myth. There is also no reason why the architecture of Garth should have been built in an Islamic style, as often stated, when Mytton did not go to India until 16 years after Garth had been built.</p><br>
<h2>The Georgian House</h2><br>
<p>In July 1786 Thomas Pennant passed the house on a tour through Montgomeryshire. He records The Country from Poole (Welshpool) towards Llanymynach is most beautifully broken into gentle rising, prettily wooded. ….Pass by the Garth, the seat of Devereux Mytton, Esq. Pennant had a particular interest as he was related to William Mytton of Halston, an antiquary, whose notes he used extensively. Pennant in 1796 commissioned John Ingleby to produce a watercolour of Aberbechan Hall, which presumably he intended to use as an illustration for a future edition of the Tour in Wales. This watercolour, which is now in the collections of the National Library of Wales, appears to be the only surviving depictions of the Hall, shown on a hill in the wooded countryside. Ingleby&#39;s watercolour shows the house of 1717, had been placed in front of earlier buildings, possibly timber-framed of the Wynn family.</p><br>
<h2>The Architecture of Garth</h2><br>
<p>It appears that the rebuilding of Garth had started before 1809, as Loudon notes that the commission for the riding house, or stables was for Col. Mytton (Devereux Mytton). It is often stated that the architect was John C. Loudon, but there is no documentary evidence to suggest that he did more than a preliminary sketch and plan for a stable block and circular Riding school for the stables, which was rejected in favour of another unnamed architect.</p><br>
<p>Garth is built in Gothic Revival style with decorative diagonal buttresses and graceful crocketed spires. The smooth, rather bare walls were faced with yellow-grey stone, probably from the Cefn quarry near Minera. The windows have flat ogee profiles and arched merlons with ball-finials. From the centre of the south front the saloon projected - turreted, and with a vast traceried window, above which, the crenellation rose and fell. A veranda along this front was wrapped round the octagonal bows at either end. There is a resemblance to Thomas Johnes’ Hafod in Ceredigion, which was gothicised by John Nash (architect) in 1791-4. In particular, the top lantern tower at Hafod over library is very similar to the lantern tower over the stairs at Garth. The design of Garth is conservative and dates back to Horace Walpole&#39;s Strawberry Hill, with very similar interior fan-vaulting and plaster-work to that at Strawberry Hill, while the columns of veranda and a exterior balcony are reminiscent of the work of the Shrewsbury architect Thomas Farnolls Pritchard. It looks as if the plans for Garth had been prepared sometime before, and it is possible that the re-building of Garth for Devereux had started in the later years of the 18th century, with the Riding House being added in 1809.</p><br>
<h3>The design of the Riding House or Stables</h3><br>
<p>The plans for the circular Riding House were derived from Pordens Riding House at the Royal Pavilion, Brighton (1804-8). In 1834 Loudon published two rejected designs for the Garth Riding House, one of which he says was by Charles Barry and the other by himself The designs that were actually built are very different to Loudonss design and have been in executed to match the decorative features of the presumably earlier main house.</p><br>
<p>The stables were circular, 84 ft in diameter, with triangular merlons, ogee windows again, and with an external covered passage (with cast-iron stations) all round, where horses – even with carriages - could be exercised out of the rain. The loose-boxes were arranged radially, in a round-house. Today, only the mid-C19 brick farm buildings survive. The arrangement is a huge three-sided courtyard, entered between barns at the top; at the ends of the arms are two cottages.</p><br>
<h2>Gallery: Loudons plans for the Riding House</h2><br>
<h2>Gallery: Garth at the time of demolition 1947</h2><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
<p>Humphreys M The Crisis of Community: Montgomeryshire 1680-1815, University of Wales Press, Cardiff, 1996.</p><br>
<p>Lloyd, T.,(1986) The Lost houses of Wales, p. 41.</p><br>
<p>Pughe, G. R.(Rev), (1890), Mytton of Garth, Montgomeryshire Collections, Vol 24, 277-294.</p><br>
<p>Scourfield R and Haslam R, (2013) Buildings of Wales: Powys; Montgomeryshire, Radnorshire and Breconshire, 2nd edition, Yale University Press, p. 133-134.</p><br>
<p>The Lamoille River Route 15-A Bridge is a modern steel-and-concrete structure, built in 2013 to carry Vermont Route 15A over the Lamoille River east of Morrisville, Vermont. It was built to replace a metal truss bridge erected there in 1928. The old bridge, of Pratt through truss design, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991, and was dismantled in 2007.</p><br>
<h2>Setting</h2><br>
<p>The Route 15-A Bridge is located in a rural area east of the town center of Morrisville. Route 15-A runs east paralleling the south bank of the Lamoille River, and provides access from the town center to Vermont Route 15, which runs north of the river. The bridge alignment is roughly east-west, at a point where the west-flowing river bends temporarily to the north.</p><br>
<h2>Historic bridges</h2><br>
<p>Prior to the present bridge, two bridges have stood at this site. The first was a covered bridge, known as the Tenney Covered Bridge, which was built in 1833, and was swept away in Vermont&#39;s devastating 1927 floods. The second bridge, an iron Pratt truss structure, was built by the Berlin Construction Company as part of a major effort by the state to rebuild its bridge infrastructure after the flooding. It was built using standardized guidelines for bridges of its length (111 ft), and used rolled I-beams as a means to speed fabrication. That bridge was closed and disassembled in 2007, and replaced by a temporary span.</p><br>
<p>The Waterman Covered Bridge was an historic covered bridge in Johnson, Vermont that carried Waterman Road across Waterman Creek. Built in 1868, it was one of three surviving 19th-century bridges in the town. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974,</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Waterman Covered Bridge was located in rural southern Johnson, carrying Waterman Road, a secondary road, across Waterman Creek. It was a two-span structure, with a main span that was a queen post truss, and a secondary span of post-and-beam construction. It rested on abutments of stone and concrete, with a timber bent supporting the inner ends of the two spans. The main span was 74 ft long, and the secondary span 16 ft, giving the structure a total length of 90 ft. It was 19 ft wide, with a roadway width of 16 ft, carrying one lane of traffic. The exterior was clad in vertical board siding, which extended around to the insides of the portals. On the sides, the siding ends short of the roof, leaving an open strip. The deck consisted of wooden planking laid over steel I-beams.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was built in 1868 by a George S. Mills, and was one of three surviving 19th-century covered bridges in the town. One of its abutments was rebuilt in concrete in 1962, and the deck reinforced with steel beams in 1969. When it was listed on the National Register in 1974, it was described as being in deteriorating condition; it collapsed in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Bessemer City Downtown Historic District is a national historic district located at Bessemer City, Gaston County, North Carolina. It encompasses 23 contributing buildings and 10 contributing structures in the central business district of Bessemer City. The buildings were built between after 1896, and include one- and two-story commercial buildings and two large and sprawling textile mill complexes. Notable buildings include the Whetstone Cotton Mills-Huss Manufacturing Company-Algodon Manufacturing Division of Pyramid Mills , Southern Cotton Mills-Osage Manufacturing Company , Gamble Hardware , Central Drug Store , Winn-Dixie Grocery , Shulman’s Department Store , and Kincaid Service Station and Pontiac Dealership .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<p>The Mladeč caves  are a cave complex in the Czech Republic situated to the west of the village of Mladeč in the Litovelské Pomoraví Protected Landscape Area.</p><br>
<p>The complex labyrinth of fissure corridors and caves can be found inside the calcite hill of Třesín. The underground spaces are decorated with stalactites, stalagmites and sinters. Its highlights include "Nature’s Temple" and the "Virgin Cave".</p><br>
<h2>Caves</h2><br>
<p>The islets of limestones in Mladeč Karst belong geologically to one of the belts of the Devonian rocks in the Central Moravian part of the Bohemian Massif (the Konice-Mladeč Devonian). These caves represent a predominantly horizontal and very broken labyrinth of corridors, domes and high chimneys with remarkable modelling of walls and ceilings, with stalactite and stalagmite decoration and with numerous block cave-ins, with some steep corridors which extend even below the level of the underground water. They are also famous for archaeological findings. The archaeologists claim that these caves have world meaning.</p><br>
<p>Except for the entrance, the caves are not accessible to the public. However, the management of Mladeč caves frequently open for the visitors. They have a total of 1,250 metres of corridors and halls with denivelation of 30 metres. It takes visitors about 40 minutes to go through the 380 metre-long path. The minimum for the visit is a group of six visitors and there is an exhibition of photos and interesting information about the caves. These caves can be visited from April to October.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>They are an important archaeological site and probably even the oldest, largest and most northern settlements of the Cro-Magnon people in Europe (Cro-Magnon lived here as long as 31 thousands years ago).</p><br>
<p>Mladeč caves are a significant paleontological and archaeological locality. There are findings of bones of extinct Pleistocene vertebrates, a number of skeletons of people of the Early Stone Age, together with multiple objects evidencing their activities (stone instruments, fireplaces).</p><br>
<h3>Excavations</h3><br>
<p>The existence of the caves was known as early as 1826.</p><br>
<p>The main cave, Mladeč Cave I, was first excavated by Josef Szombathy, who recorded his visits and excavations to the cave in his diary, a diary which is the sole source of information on the early excavations at the site. Szombathy first excavated the cave on June 7, 1881. The initial excavation ended on June 12. The first human fossil, the skull of Mladeč 1, was discovered during this excavation. Other fossils discovered during this excavation include Mladeč 2, Mladeč 3, Mladeč 7, Mladeč 12-20 and Mladeč 27.</p><br>
<p>Szombathy&#39;s second excavation at the cave started on July 13, 1882 and ended on July 18. He returned again and excavated the cave from August 7-12, 1882. Mladeč 8, Mladeč 9 and Mladeč 10 were discovered during this excavation.</p><br>
<p>Szombathy named the cave Fürst Johann’s Höhle in honor of Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein, who owned the land where the cave was located. While the cave lay in the domain of the Prince of Liechtenstein, the cave also partially lay in the fields of a local villager, A. Nevrlý. Thus, the parts that lay in A. Nevrlý&#39;s fields were ceded to him.</p><br>
<p>In 1902, A. Nevrlý built a wall to separate the Liechtenstein entrance from the cave and began to excavate a new entrance to the cave. Along with Jan Knies, a local schoolteacher and amateur archaeologist, the two began to excavate the cave. Mladeč 39-41 and Mladeč 88-91 were discovered by Knies.</p><br>
<p>On March 22, 1904, a second cave, the Quarry Cave (Mladeč Cave II) was discovered near the main site by quarry workers and subsequently destroyed. The workers found three human skulls, which were likely to have been Mladeč 5, Mladeč 6 and Mladeč 46. The discovery of human fossils was big news at the time in the Austro-Hungarian Empire and thus attracted a lot of attention. The mayor of nearby Litovel, Jan Smyčka, arrived soon after. Szombathy returned to the site on August 25, where he was presented with the new fossil finds.</p><br>
<p>In 1911, the Museum Society in Litovel took over ownership of the caves. Szombathy&#39;s next visit to the site occurred in 1925. In the intervening years, the Museum Society in Litovel, under the supervision of Jan Smyčka, ordered the removal of large amounts of sediment from the Mladeč caves without the guidance of archaeologists, destroying a lot of valuable potential information on the cave. This was done in order to make the caves accessible for public viewing; the removal of large amounts of sediment allowed for the building of stairs and paved floors for visitors to the caves.</p><br>
<p>The last significant fossil finds were discovered in 1922.</p><br>
<h3>Discoveries</h3><br>
<p>Many of the discoveries at Mladeč have been lost or destroyed over time, due to unauthorized looting and excavations, disappearances into private collections, and the large destruction of artefacts stored at Mikulov Castle, which was set on fire by the Germans at the end of World War II. Ironically, the anthropological collection from the Moravské zemské muzeum, which included a large collection of fossil artefacts from Mladeč, had been moved to Mikulov Castle during the war for safekeeping purposes. Out of the 60 human fossils from Mladeč stored at Mikulov Castle, only 5 could be recovered following the fire.</p><br>
<p>Osteological and lithic artefacts were discovered at Mladeč. 40 bone points were discovered, while only a few stone artefacts were discovered.</p><br>
<h4>Mladeč-type bone points</h4><br>
<p>The bone points at Mladeč have been found at other Central European sites in an Aurignacian context. None of the bone points from Mladeč have a split base, and in fact have a massive base. When found at other sites with split base bone points occurring in a separate layer, the layer with Mladeč-type bone points is always found above the layer with split base bone points.</p><br>
<h4>Other artefacts</h4><br>
<p>22 perforated mammalian teeth were also discovered; these teeth were likely used as pendants. Perforated animal teeth used as pendants are frequently found at Aurignacian sites. The perforated teeth from Mladeč came from wolves, bears, and uncommonly, beavers and moose.</p><br>
<p>Out of the limited lithic artefacts from Mladeč, only one can clearly be ascribed as Aurignacian.</p><br>
<p>Today, the assemblage of fossils from Mladeč is split among several museums. Szombathys collection is stored in the Vienna Museum of Natural History, while Jan Knies collection is stored in the Moravské zemské muzeum.</p><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<p>632 bones from large mammals remain from the fossil assemblage discovered at Mladeč. The large mammal remains at Mladeč come primarily from bovids (primarily steppe bison, but a few from aurochs), bears (primarily Ursus deningeri, but a few from Ursus spelaeus), reindeer, horses and wolves.</p><br>
<h3>Human fossils</h3><br>
<p>More than 100 human fossil fragments were discovered at Mladeč.</p><br>
<p>Researchers failed to extract usable DNA from the Mladeč human fossils for the purposes of aDNA analysis. However, two (out of twelve) of the Mladeč specimens, Mladeč 2 and Mladeč 25c, yielded a limited amount of mtDNA, which did not contain Neanderthal mtDNA sequences.</p><br>
<h3>Dating</h3><br>
<p>Direct AMS dating of the human fossils from Mladeč yielded uncalibrated dates of around 31,190 BP for Mladeč 1, 31,320 BP for Mladeč 2, 30,680 BP for Mladeč 8 and 26,330 BP for Mladeč 25c.</p><br>
<p>Chelmer Police College is a heritage-listed former police barracks at 17 Laurel Avenue, Chelmer, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1900 to 1970. It is also known as 10 WRAAC Barracks, The Lady Wilson Red Cross Convalescent Home, and Waterton. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 1 October 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The place which functioned as the Queensland Police College until 2012 at Chelmer, was established as a private residence, with additions in the form of staff quarters and a ward block constructed between 1941 and 1942 when the house was converted into a convalescent hospital for the Australian Red Cross Society.</p><br>
<p>The substantial, middle-class residence is thought to have been erected for Thomas Beevor Steele, a Brisbane insurance agent. Steele acquired title to the Laurel Avenue site in March 1900. At this time the property comprised two blocks totalling nearly one and a half acres, stretching from what is now Laurel Avenue to the Brisbane River. A £950 mortgage on the property taken out in September 1900 may have helped finance construction of the house, which was named Waterton. Steele, who previously resided at Indooroopilly, is first listed as resident at Chelmer in the 1901 Queensland Post Office Directory, suggesting that the house was constructed by this date. In February 1901, a Brisbane Courier newspaper article identified the Steele family as residing at "Waterton", Chelmer, a name that remained in use during its earliest years. In design and decorative elements, the house also suggests an early 20th century date of construction.</p><br>
<p>Title to the property passed in September 1913 to Alison Eavis Harding Frew (1883-1952), a prominent Queensland civil engineer, who resided there until. A. E. Harding Frew specialized in bridge design, his work including approximately 80 bridges throughout Queensland during his career. He was a consulting engineer in Melbourne during the 1920s and on the Pyrmont Power Station at Sydney in the early 1940s. He was a consultant on the 1926 Brisbane Cross River Commission and was the designing engineer for the William Jolly Bridge in Brisbane, from 12 November 1926 to 1932. From 1932 to 1935 he was the Engineer for Bridge Construction on the Hornibrook Bridge project, the bridge linking Sandgate and Redcliffe. Much of this work was carried out during the period in which he and his family were based at 17 Laurel Avenue, Chelmer.</p><br>
<p>In 1938, Harding Frew acquired two blocks of land adjacent to the southern border of his Laurel Avenue property, creating an estate of approximately 3.75 acres with a long river frontage. However, he appears to have encountered financial difficulties about this time, taking out a number of mortgages on the property, and reputedly was bankrupted. In January 1939, Queensland Trustees Limited, as mortgagees in possession, offered 17 Laurel Avenue for sale at auction. At this time the dwelling comprised four bedrooms, a large dressing room, drawing and dining rooms, sitting rooms, lounge, spacious front and side verandahs and sleep-out, and a well-appointed kitchen and bathroom. There is a suggestion that Frew had made extensions to the house, but this has not been confirmed.</p><br>
<p>The property did not sell in January 1939. In July 1940, title to just over 1 rood near the southeast corner of the site was transferred as a residential subdivision block, and in December 1940, the house and the remaining land, nearly 3.5 acres, was transferred to the Australian Red Cross Society for use as a convalescent home for Australian servicemen returning from the battlefields of the Second World War. The purchase price was £2,000, which scarcely reflected the value of one of the oldest and largest family homes in the Chelmer district. Title was transferred to Red Cross trustees Edith Wassell and George Rees in 1941, and to the Australian Red Cross Society in 1947. The Society converted the house into the Lady Wilson Red Cross Convalescent Home, providing for the rehabilitation of convalescent Australian soldiers, sailors and airmen. The home was named in honour of Lady Wilson, President of the Queensland Division of the Australian Red Cross at this time, and wife of His Excellency Sir Leslie Orme Wilson, Governor of Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Conversion of the house into a convalescent home required additions to, and some alteration to internal partitions in, the main residence, and construction of a substantial dormitory block behind and parallel to the main house. In 1941, Brisbane architects Roderic Walter Voller, Ronald Martin Wilson, and Edward James Archibald Weller, as Honorary Architects to the Australian Red Cross Society, jointly called tenders for a new dormitory and officers quarters for the Red Cross Societys Lady Wilson Convalescent Home at Chelmer. A contract for construction of the dormitory was let to contractor AS Taylor by June 1941, and tenders for "officers&#39; quarters" (staff quarters) opened about August 1941. Minor works were still being carried out early in 1942. Photographs of the "Chelmer Convalescent Home", taken in August 1944, reveal that the northern addition to the house, which comprised the staff quarters, was constructed by this date. The place reputedly accommodated 73 patients. It is also likely that during the 1941-42 extensions including an institutional kitchen and dining room were verandahs, which has been replaced since with simple timber rails.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1950s the convalescent hospital was closed and the property was leased to the Australian Military Forces from 1 April 1953 for use as a Womens Royal Australian Army Corps Barracks, occupied by the 10 WRAAC. The WRAAC had been established in 1951 in response to a severe manpower shortage created by the demands of the Korean War and national service in a time of full employment. In the late 1970s female soldiers began to be integrated into the Army at large and in early 1984, the WRAAC was disbanded. In its 33 years of existence, the Corps played an important role in the evolution of Australias armed forces and the acceptance of women into this field.</p><br>
<p>A valuation inspection of the Laurel Avenue property made in January 1953, prior to the military authorities taking up the lease, provided a thorough description (accompanied by plans) of the Red Cross structures on the property, and show how the buildings had functioned as a convalescent hospital. The core of the house contained recreational and office spaces, and a large dining room and kitchen extension at the rear. The northern addition to the main house served as staff quarters. To the rear of the main house and parallel to it, was a high-set, timber framed, fibrous-cement clad dormitory building.</p><br>
<p>The main building (the house) was described as approximately 50 years old, timber-framed, with 8" chamferboard cladding to the exterior walls, and set on hardwood stumps which varied from 46" to 6 in height. The roof retained its original corrugated galvanized iron. The house was surrounded by extensive verandahs, by that date mostly enclosed, and the verandah roofs were lined with 6" vertically jointed pine boards. Flooring to the verandahs and much of the interior was 4" x 1" hardwood, with some 6" x 1" pine. The interior walls and ceilings were lined with 4" vertically-jointed pine. Most of the joinery, including early doors, fireplace surrounds and palm stands, were cedar. There was a front bay window with 6&#39; "colonial sashes", and French doors opening onto the verandahs. The main entrance door had leadlight surrounds. The dining room on the southwest corner of the main building had been extended as a dining hall, clad externally and lined internally with fibrous cement sheeting. Adjacent to this was an institutional-size kitchen. Bathrooms and toilets (which appear to have occupied an earlier kitchen wing) had vertically-jointed timber ceilings, fibrous-cement sheeting on the walls, and terrazzo floors. There was a laundry under the main building.</p><br>
<p>At the northern end of the main building was the two-storeyed addition erected as staff quarters. This was timber-framed and clad externally with fibrous-cement sheeting. The ground floor contained an open lounge with a cement floor; an interior lounge with fibrous cement sheeting to ceiling and walls and hardwood floor; a dormitory, lined and ceiling in vertically-jointed timber, with polished timber floor; and a bathroom/toilet. A covered stairway led to the upper level, which had a hardwood timber floor, and was lined with vertically-jointed timber in the central room and fibrous-cement sheeting in two bedrooms and two dormitories.</p><br>
<p>At the rear of the main building was the dormitory or ward block, containing two wards separated by a central ablutions area, and a doctors room, sisters room, and store room at the far northern end. Floors throughout were of hardwood and the ceilings of Caneite. The ablutions area had terrazzo flooring and contained toilets, showers and locker rooms arranged around a central passageway running north–south, servicing both wards. French doors opened from the wards onto verandahs along both sides, which were screened with Aerolax blinds. A sub-floor extended the entire length of the building. It had concrete flooring and had been used principally as workshops. It was also part-enclosed as library headquarters for the Red Cross in Queensland (a large room at the southern end); store rooms; ablution blocks; laundry; boiler room; and French polishing room. On the western side of the library was an extension which housed the handicraft section.</p><br>
<p>Beyond the dormitory building, to the west, was a detached, single-storey structure, timber framed, double-sheeted with fibrous-cement, and divided into two rooms, which were utilized as male staff quarters. This building had a "Super 6" roof of corrugated fibrous-cement sheeting.</p><br>
<p>Close to the northern boundary, midway along the depth of the property, was a single garage which appears to have been constructed during the period when the place functioned as a private residence. It was hardwood framed and floored, clad in 6" timber chamferboards, and had a tiled roof. Beyond the garage the ground flattened out to a level floodplain, before dropping steeply to the Brisbane River.</p><br>
<p>Comparatively few changes were required for occupation by the 10 WRAAC from 1953 to 1969, and during this period the Red Cross continued to maintain its library headquarters in the sub-floor of the dormitory block. About 1964 or 1965, the Red Cross subdivided the land into smaller residential allotments around an extension of Sutton Street, leaving the buildings leased by the armed forces on a much smaller parcel of land. At this period the house lost its river access.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1960s a new facility for the WRAAC was constructed at Kelvin Grove. 10 WRAAC vacated 17 Laurel Avenue early in February 1969, although the Armys lease didnt expire until 31 October 1969. The Red Cross failed to sell the property at auction in May 1969, but toward the end of the year it was purchased by the Queensland Police Department for use as an in-service training centre. In January 1970, the Queensland Police College opened at 17 Laurel Avenue, offering a wide variety of specialist and qualifying courses. This function ceased in 2012. The main change to the grounds since 1970 has been the construction of a car park along the southern boundary of the property from Laurel Avenue to the former dormitory block.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>This place is a memorable element of the Laurel Avenue streetscape, presenting as a large, Federation era house with prominent gable and sweeping verandahs, a big pitched metal roof and chimney, set well back behind an established garden and enhanced with mature fig trees in the street, flanking the entrance path.</p><br>
<p>The entrance path divides around a large circular garden bed before leading to the front stairs beside the prominent verandah gable. The front section of the house consists of formal rooms, along the lines of former drawing and dining rooms, a sitting room and lounge. A bay-fronted room is positioned behind the front gable and is of the same width, projecting a metre or so across the front verandah. The front verandah turns around this room forming the southern edge of the house. Immediately to the northern side of this front formal room is the entrance hall, and to the north of this again are two rooms back to back around a double-sided fireplace. The position of this fireplace is conveyed by the chimney in the views of the building from the front. The verandah turns around this pair of rooms, forming what was the northern side of the original house. The verandah edge details are still intact along this northern side verandah, indicating that northern addition to the original house was built immediately adjacent to the original house rather than cut into it.</p><br>
<p>The entrance hall leads to a north-south connecting hall with a formal room at its southern end. This formal room is identified by its own gable on the southern side of the house and a projecting bay window. The connecting hall runs past what is now a bar and leads to the stairs connecting the lower and upper floors of the northern addition to the original house.</p><br>
<p>The next layer of rooms consists of an institutional dining room and kitchen connected via an original rear verandah to a toilet and shower room wing. Three storerooms/offices in an enclosed verandah exist opposite the toilets/shower rooms. These rooms appear original. As this amenities wing has an external chimney on its rear wall it is likely that this was the original kitchen/servants&#39; wing. The main building is connected via an elevated covered walkway to the dormitory building running along what is now the rear boundary of the property.</p><br>
<p>The dormitory building consists of front and rear verandahs, in various degrees of enclosure, and internally is planned around a central corridor accessing small, simple bedrooms and shared amenities rooms. It is highset with a largely open undercroft, and some simply enclosed rooms which could serve as store rooms or workshops.</p><br>
<p>The addition to the north of the old house is of two storeys. The upper floor consists of a lecture room to the front, a covered verandah space in the middle and two office rooms to the rear. The lower floor has two rooms to either side of the central covered space. A staircase connects both central verandahs and another stair connects the addition to the original building.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the joinery and fittings in the house are of good quality, consistent with the Federation era styling of the exterior, without being excessively lavish. Skirtings and architraves in particular are simple but generously proportioned. It is possible that some of the joinery and moldings currently painted were originally clear finished red cedar, or similar, which if re-instated would increase the visual richness of the interiors considerably. The walls and ceilings generally are lined with painted, tongue-and-groove, vertically-jointed timber, with either elaborate ceiling roses or coffers, bay windows, or decorative fireplaces used to elevate the character of the formal rooms. More simply treated rooms such as bedrooms and service rooms have been largely removed or remodelled. The later additions are altogether more pragmatic and possibly more altered to suit changing needs than the original sections of the building. The internal linings in the two storeyed addition and the dormitory building are generally a combination of tongue-and-groove walling and battened, smooth sheeted ceilings with simple, largely traditional joinery and detailing.</p><br>
<p>The lowest, former house with its generous, pitched roof relates well to its front yard and the Laurel Avenue street trees. It is set well back behind an established garden and enhanced by mature fig trees (Ficus benjamina) in the street, flanking the entrance path. The entrance path divides around a circular garden bed which may be an original garden design feature. Mature trees such as a Jacaranda mimosaefolia, palms and mango (Mangifera indica) in the front yard, and the Camphor Laurel (Cinnamomum camphora) in the street to the south of the figs, contribute significantly to the aesthetics of the setting. The Federation era detailing and decoration of the old house, as seen from the front yard, is strong, well balanced and effective. The battened front gable and heavily shaped verandah posts with decorative sweeps and frieze in particular provide a strong visual appeal. The addition to the north of the original building is discernably different from the earlier building but arguably sympathetic in roof line and joinery. The dormitory building to the rear of the property and the other substantial changes to the house are contained at the rear of the original building, without detracting from the presentation to the street.</p><br>
<p>Despite many years of pragmatic institutional maintenance and incremental change to suit changing functions, each historical layer of building work is clearly articulated, with limited impact on earlier fabric. The buildings in their front garden setting present a cohesive, substantially intact group demonstrating the principal characteristics of both a substantial, middle-class residence and a convalescent home.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Chelmer Police College (former) was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 1 October 2003 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Queensland Police College (former) at 17 Laurel Avenue, Chelmer, was constructed as a private residence, Waterton, for Brisbane insurance agent Thomas Beevor Steele. From to it was occupied by AE Harding Frew, a prominent Queensland civil engineer. The place demonstrates the pattern of Queenslands history, being evidence of the early 20th century suburban occupation of the Chelmer district by upper middle class residents, who constructed large family homes in spacious grounds, many of which had river frontages. As the Lady Wilson Red Cross Convalescent Home for returned members of the Australian armed services from to, the place provides evidence in the fabric of the building of a Queensland response to the impact of the Second World War. Changes made to the building and grounds to accommodate the hospital have not obliterated evidence of the earlier function as a private residence. Following the close of the convalescent home, the place served as a Womens Royal Australian Army Barracks from 1953 to 1969, and as a Queensland Police College from 1970 to 2012, maintaining an institutional use which had little impact on the predominantly residential character of Laurel Avenue. Evidence of these uses is readily apparent in the fabric of the building.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The former residence in its garden setting is of strong architectural merit, exhibiting particular aesthetic characteristics valued by the community and demonstrates the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural place. This building is a memorable element of the Laurel Avenue streetscape, presenting as a large Federation-era house with prominent gable and sweeping verandahs, a big pitched metal roof and chimney, set well back behind an established garden and enhanced with mature fig trees (Ficus benjamina) in the street, flanking the entrance path. The northern addition to the house to accommodate the convalescent hospital staff is of interest in the sensitive placement beside or behind the original building, indicating that the appearance of the buildings from the street was of importance at the time. The addition to the north of the original house has a similarity of form with the original, and has been distinguished from the original in its use of fibrous-cement cladding consistent with architectural thinking at the time regarding its construction and the character of its use. The dormitory building is also fibrous-cement clad and this is consistent with its institutional use and pragmatic character.</p><br>
<p>As a formerly residential building converted to an institutional use the place provides evidence of the impact of the Second World War on Queensland and is important in illustrating the principal characteristics of its type, namely a convalescent hospital. The dormitory to the rear of the site has been carefully sited to minimise impacts on the appearance of the original building from the street, while achieving a close link with the necessary service spaces such as kitchen and dining room inserted in the original building. The form of the dormitory building is of note - the central enclosed space functioning as either a single space or (as currently) a series of rooms off a central corridor, flanked by verandahs which can be either open or enclosed, is a generic form similar to other Second World War hospital buildings, such as formerly at Rhyndarra in Yeronga (now demolished), but is not a standard public works design. Again, the addition to the north of the house was custom-designed for this site and its particular use.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The former residence in its garden setting is of strong architectural merit, exhibiting particular aesthetic characteristics valued by the community and demonstrates the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural place. This building is a memorable element of the Laurel Avenue streetscape, presenting as a large Federation-era house with prominent gable and sweeping verandahs, a big pitched metal roof and chimney, set well back behind an established garden and enhanced with mature fig trees (Ficus benjamina) in the street, flanking the entrance path. The northern addition to the house to accommodate the convalescent hospital staff is of interest in the sensitive placement beside or behind the original building, indicating that the appearance of the buildings from the street was of importance at the time. The addition to the north of the original house has a similarity of form with the original, and has been distinguished from the original in its use of fibrous-cement cladding consistent with architectural thinking at the time regarding its construction and the character of its use. The dormitory building is also fibrous-cement clad and this is consistent with its institutional use and pragmatic character.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place has had a special association with the work of the Australian Red Cross as a Convalescent Home, with the Australian Army as a Womens Royal Australian Army Corps (WRAAC) barracks, and with the Queensland Police Service as a training college. The combination of these associations, demonstrated in this one building, gives the place significance in Queenslands history.</p><br>
<p>Swain House is a heritage-listed detached house at 139 Laurel Avenue, Chelmer, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was built from the 1920s onwards. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 12 December 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Edward Swain purchased the 1.5 acres of riverfront land for this house in 1920 when he was Director of Forests in Queensland. He took out a mortgage for £1,300 and constructed a California Bungalow style home in which he was living by 1925. He surrounded the house with extensive plantings of native and exotic trees reflecting his life&#39;s work in forestry.</p><br>
<p>Edward Harold Fulcher Swain was born in Sydney in 1883 and was the first Cadet Forester in the New South Wales Forestry Branch in 1899. He studied forestry in Montana, USA in 1915 and on his return became a District Forest Inspector in Queensland. Between 1918 and 1924 he was Director of Forests in Queensland. During this time he set aside large tracts of hoop pine forest in the Brisbane and Mary River valleys and planted areas of introduced species. On the abolition of the office of Director in 1924, he became inaugural Chairman of the Queensland Forestry Board until 1932. This Board was responsible for the management and control of the State Forests and National Parks.</p><br>
<p>Swain laid the foundations of modern forestry economics in Queensland. His new ideas and strong personality frequently brought him into conflict with others and he was often a controversial figure in an industry deeply rooted in traditional practice. Amongst other achievements, he pioneered forest assessment surveys, promoted the permanent reservation of good forests and forest land, improved pricing policies which led to a better use of timber resources and expanded staff training and the activities of his department. He wrote a number of books on forestry, was a founder of the Australian Forestry School at the Australian National University and supported community interest in trees. In 1924, he was instrumental in establishing the Sherwood Arboretum, a park on the Brisbane River, which is dedicated to the growth of indigenous trees.</p><br>
<p>In 1932, Swain publicly campaigned against the indiscriminate allocation of forested land as land grants, at the time a policy of the incumbent National Party Government. Although the Labor Party won the election, in the controversy and inquiries which followed Swain lost his job. He became a research consultant for Australian Paper Manufacturers in South Australia before becoming Commissioner for Forests in New South Wales until his official retirement in 1948. Between 1951 and 1955 he was United Nations Forestry Consultant in Ethiopia. Swain died in Brisbane in July 1970.</p><br>
<p>His daughter Nancy and her husband occupied the family home from 1946. She shared her father&#39;s interest in indigenous species and planted rainforest trees in the grounds.</p><br>
<p>The house itself reflects Swain&#39;s obsession with exploring the potential of Australian timbers. It was constructed of rosewood with the intention of proving that this timber, then not well regarded for the purpose, was suitable for building. The house also displays Queensland timbers to advantage, the joinery including panelling in pine and kauri.</p><br>
<p>Most of the trees planted by Swain and his family survive and are now large trees that make a major contribution to the landscape of the area. The Alan Fletcher Research Station of the Department of Primary Industries nearby uses the hoop pine plantation for research into forestry practices.</p><br>
<p>The house held a number of social events including a local private schools annual dance in the year of 2007.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Swain house is a single storey timber dwelling with a triple gabled front elevation. It has a hipped roof clad in terracotta tiles.</p><br>
<p>The interior is substantially intact and has a sunroom at the front of the house. The dining and living areas are linked and there is a large sandstone fireplace in the living room. The dining room is lined with timber and a two-way, lead-lighted cupboard, previously linking the dining room and kitchen, now links the kitchen and former breakfast room. At the right hand side of the house are bedrooms and at the rear there is a bathroom, sitting room and maid&#39;s room. Part of the rear verandah has been enclosed to form a bedroom. An open deck has been added to the rear and left-hand side of the house.</p><br>
<p>The house is set in an extensive and intact 1920s garden that includes a grass tennis court. The garden contains most of the native and exotic trees planted by Swain in the 1920s and many fruit and rainforest trees. The grounds contain a large plantation of hoop and kauri pine trees near the bank of Brisbane River and a number of mature cedar trees. A row of mature kauri trees lines the southern boundary of the land and tallow wood, crows ash, satinay and yellow pine trees are found in a group to the right of the site behind the tennis court. On a slope to the rear of the house are fruit trees including a loquat, mulberry and mandarin and two eucalyptus trees.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Swain House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 12 December 2003 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Swain house was built in the early 1920s on a 1.5 acre block of land fronting the Brisbane River at Chelmer. The land has not been subdivided since the house was built and as a comparatively modest family home in grounds of this size and location, it illustrates and early phase in the development of Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The house is a good example its type and era, being substantially intact in both form and internal features. It is rare in retaining its original setting in extensive grounds with mature indigenous trees on the bank of the Brisbane River. Such features as the maid&#39;s room and grass tennis court, which illustrate a way of life now passed, are uncommon.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The house and its setting, particularly the stands of mature trees planted by EHF Swain, have aesthetic value and make an important contribution to the streetscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>EHF Swain was a nationally significant figure in the development of the forestry industry in Australia and his house and tree plantings have a strong association with his life and work, illustrating his interest in timber and forestry research. The hoop pine plantation continues to be of value for research purposes.</p><br>
<p>The Craighead County Courthouse is located at 511 Main Street, in the center of Jonesboro, Arkansas, the county seat of Craighead County. It is a two story brick structure with limestone trim, built in 1934, and is the citys only significant example of Art Deco architecture. The building has a stepped appearance, with a large central block that has an oversized second story, and is flanked by smaller two-story wings, from which single-story sections project to the front and back. Vertical panels of fluted limestone accentuate corner projections from the main block, a motif repeated near the roof line of that block. The main entrance is recessed in an opening flanked by similarly fluted panels. The courthouse is the fifth of the county to stand on the site. Near the entrance to the courthouse stands a copy of John Pauldings World War I memorial, Over the Top, placed in 1920, and often confused with E. M. Viquesney&#39;s "Spirit of the American Doughboy".</p><br>
<p>The courthouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Chicken Historic District encompasses part of the historic mining district of Chicken, Alaska. It is located at milepost 66.5 on the north side of the Taylor Highway, and includes fifteen buildings built between 1908 and 1967. Most of these are single-story wood frame structures, with either metal or board-and-batten siding, although there are also some log structures. Many of these buildings were erected by the Fairbanks Exploration Company, which ran the gold mining operations in the area. Notable buildings include the bunkhouse, a gabled log structure, and the Chicken Creek Roadhouse, built in 1906, which was originally two stories in height but was reduced to a single story in 1924. The district also includes a section of water pipeline built by the company to bring water to the area from Mosquito Creek, a distance of about 1 mi. The camp was used until the company ended mining operations in 1967.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>The Arthur L. Mann Memorial Library is the public library of West Paris, Maine. It is located in Main Street in the town center, in a building that resembles a small castle. The architecturally distinctive building was designed by the Lewiston firm of Gibbs & Pulsifer, and was built in 1926 as a gift from Lewis Mann in honor of his son Arthur. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and library history</h2><br>
<p>The library building is a fieldstone structure, roughly divided into three sections. The most prominent section is the crenellated tower, which projects forward and left of the bulk of the building, and has three narrow casement windows on the front, staggered in height. To its right, in the center of the main facade, is an arched entrance bay, topped by an elevated parapet with crenellations and flanked on the right by a narrow casement window and a buttress. To the far right is a section lower in height, also topped with crenellations, dominated by a large many-paned window.</p><br>
<p>The interior has a fairly conventional library layout, with a central circulation desk, a reading room to the right, and stacks to the left. The tower houses a sitting area, and does not have (despite the appearance of the external windows) a stairwell.</p><br>
<p>The origins of the West Paris Library are in a private subscription library founded in 1889, a model used by many small communities in Maine at the time. This association received municipal funds in 1925, becoming a free library. In these years it was housed in a variety of locations. Lewis Mann, a longtime West Paris resident, bequested land and funds (the latter matched by his son Edwin) for this building, which was completed in 1926. It was one of a series of library commissions executed by the Lewiston firm of Gibbs & Pulsifer, which included the public libraries of Lewiston and Dover-Foxcroft.</p><br>
<p>Sunbury High School is a historic high school complex located at Sunbury, Gates County, North Carolina. The complex consists of five buildings built between 1908 and about 1950. The main building was built in 1937, and is a two-story, Colonial Revival style brick building. It consists of a seven bay, side-gabled main block flanked by two, long, slightly lower two-story, side-gabled wings. Also on the property is a two-story, side-gable frame, Colonial Revival-style Teacherage, built about 1940; a one-story, six-bay, “T-shaped”, Agricultural Building built about 1908; a Gymnasium built about 1950; and a Pump-House/Oil House, built about 1941. The complex served as a high school until 1962. It housed an elementary school until it closed in 1997.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<p>Rountree Family Farm, also known as the Alfred Patrick Rountree Farm, is a historic farm complex located near Gatesville, Gates County, North Carolina. The property consists of the property, buildings and outbuildings constructed by four generations of the descendants of Abner Rountree who acquired the family&#39;s original holding here in 1800. The Simmons Rountree House was built about 1830, and is a two-story, one-room plan frame house. It has not been occupied as a residence since 1907. The Alfred Patrick Rountree House was built in 1904 and expanded about 1916. It is a two-story frame farmhouse sheathed in weatherboard. Also on the property are the contributing dairy , hand-pump , wood shed , smokehouse , privy , three barns , stable , and chicken coop .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. The property was originally owned by the Spivey family. It is noted on the application for historic places that the Spivey occupation of the residence was well before the 1800s. The date the Rountrees took the property happened when Priscilla Spivey conveyed 140 acres to her son-in-law Abner Rountree. AL&#39; SHPD - North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office. The original owner Spivey preferred exploration and breaking the laws of the English Crown regarding further exploration, to farm and plantation life. The Spivey family traveled and explored.</p><br>
<p>Spivey Ancestors – Colonists, Pioneers, Patriots. Hiram Calvin Spivey and Annis Isaacs form but one connection among an ex- tended family of long hunters,</p><br>
<p>The property was greatly expanded once Abner took over. His expansion came from segments purchased from the neighboring farm/plantation owned by Nathan Riddick. A great amount of history is available on the Rountree family from a sight named Sally&#39;s Family Place.</p><br>
<p>Horsehills Creek is a creek that flows in the far northeastern corridor of the city of Edmonton in Alberta, Canada. The creek is a minor tributary to the North Saskatchewan River and is surrounded by agricultural fields and native vegetation. The city of Edmonton considers Horsehills Creek a designated protected site, because of the flora and fauna located in patches of forest and wetlands.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The area is generally flat with some light sloping and low isolated hills. However, the creeks ravine itself is a much more sharper depression in the land as it drains into the river. The creeks banks are less steep upstream and tend to be shallow depressions in the surrounding land.</p><br>
<h2>Watercourse</h2><br>
<p>Horsehills Creek is fed by sloughs and lakes which occur in the north of Edmonton; the creek&#39;s water levels tend to be low, especially in the summer when sloughs tend to dry out. It has many tributaries which all join as one large creek, a portion of which is culverted in order for it to flow rather than filling it. There are no known manmade courses for the creek to follow. Horsehills Creek is also fed by groundwater, generally in the ravine portion. Its hydrology is very similar to that of Rat Creek except that it flows through its entire length and has not been changed nor destroyed throughout its history.</p><br>
<p>The Roman fort , also known as Burgstall and Hradisko, is an archaeological site located in Mušov, Czech Republic, of a Roman army camp on the Dyje-Svratka-Jihlava confluence. It was intended to be the capital of the proposed Marcomannia province .</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The site is located on the Dyje-Svratka-Jihlava confluence. It is situated 18 km from Brno and 86 km from Vienna.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The castra in Mušov originated as a Roman army camp. Its name is unknown (possibly, but uncertainly, it was Eburon, from Ptolemys Eβυρον). Romans made it his base of operations in the campaigns against Maroboduus (Marbod). So far the important in the Europe-wide context remains the unique site encompassing large variety of evidences of the period of the Marcomannic Wars (166-180 AD) - the central military base on the hill Hradisko (Hillfort) at Mušov (now cadastral area of Pasohlávky). It was built by the Marcus Aurelius soldiers deep inside the enemy territory, roughly 86 km to the north of the antique Vindobona (today Vienna). The base covers flat minor hilltop, superelevated by 50 m above surrounding terrain, and its southern mild slopes, on the banks of the river Dyje (Thaya). From this strategically situated location was possible to control and manage crossings of river (fort) and overland routes at the confluence of the rivers Svratka, Svitava and Dyje (Thaya) as well as surrounding areas along the rivers, densely populated by the Germanic tribes of Marcomanii.</p><br>
<p>Even in Roman times it had a history as a trading center for amber (in analogy as in Carnuntum), brought from the north to traders who sold it in Italy; the main arm of the Amber Road crossed the Danube at Carnuntum and continue on the right bank of Dyje. Marcus Aurelius resided there for short time in the operations time, shortly before his death (180 AD) - during the war against the Marcomanni. During the Barbarian Invasions (reocuppy of the territory - "Eburon" was eventually abandoned and used as a cemetery and source of building material for building projects elsewhere. Eventually, its remains were covered by decaying plant material.</p><br>
<h3>Civilian city</h3><br>
<p>The remains of the civilian city extended around the fortress (on the top). Housing around the upper (real roman) fort was in fact measuring more than 11 square kilometres, lightly fortified, area densely populated by the Germanic tribes of Marcomanni (or Quadi) - (the part of them traded and collaborated with the Romans and enjoyed luxury roman goods). They had the best out of comfort of (partly) civilised life. The area was (of natural development) bounded by left (northern) bank of Dyje river in the south, right (western) bank of Jihlava River in the east and in the north by rectangular plan enclosed V-shaped ditch (and light fence ?). History of this area and its development is probably more older than history of real Roman fort on top of the hill.</p><br>
<h3>Balneum</h3><br>
<p>The inner build-up area of the Roman fortress at Hradisko was uncovered in very limited scale so far. Yet between the years 1926 and 1928 were uncovered unique evidences of antic architecture in the north parts of fortified area by archeologist Anton Gnirs and supported by president Masaryk. Back then discovered enclosure, consisting of residential building with four rooms and baths, considering the war conditions, could be interpreted as luxury residential complex, some sort of ad hoc residence for the highest representatives of military authorities and commanders. Smaller scales of the baths implies rather private use, but there were all necessary rooms including cold and hot water. Baths determined for ordinary Roman soldiers will be at Hillfort (Hradisko) perhaps discovered in the future.</p><br>
<h3>Military camps</h3><br>
<p>In the close surrounding was discovered more than 12 temporary Roman military camps (marching camps). In the seasonal operations (179 AD) was settled there more than 50 000 legionars, mostly from the X. legio - GEMINA PIA FIDELIS</p><br>
<h2>Workshop</h2><br>
<p>On the open area among the buildings were uncovered simple round kilns and one sizable waste pit. This installation served as workshop district, specialized among others to reparations and perhaps simple production of the Roman military equipment and weaponry. This evidence support an idea that inside the fortified area operated certain numbers of civilian personnel under protection of the Roman army. Their sustenance depended on contracts with the Roman army and for that they followed them even in the time of war into the hostile territory</p><br>
<p>Freeman House, also known as The Stateline House, is a historic home located on the North Carolina-Virginia state line near Gates, Gates County, North Carolina, USA. The house was built in three building phases, the earliest perhaps dating to the late-18th century. The farmhouse was initially built following the basic early-Federal-style one-room plan, followed by the addition of a late-Federal-style two-story side-hall-plan, which was finally enlarged and converted in the mid-19th century to a more substantial Greek Revival style, center-hall-plan dwelling. The main section is a two-story, five bay, frame structure. Also on the property are the contributing smokehouse, a kitchen with exterior end chimney, a one-story tack house with an attached wood shed, a small, unidentified shed, two large barns, and a stable.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Beth-Eden is a heritage-listed villa at 85 Bank Road, Graceville, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Richard Gailey and built from 1888 to 1910s. It is also known as Rakeevan and Verney. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Beth-Eden is a two-storeyed rendered brick house with a weatherboard stables/coach-house, overlooking the Brisbane River. Originally called "Verney", Beth-Eden was erected in 1888 for newspaper proprietor Charles Hardie Buzacott. The architect was Richard Gailey, who in 1884 had designed the Courier Building for Buzacott.</p><br>
<p>In 1895, John Ferguson (Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly), a Rockhampton parliamentarian and a major shareholder in the Mount Morgan Mine company, purchased the property, which became the home of his daughter and son-in-law, Mr. and Mrs. A H Chambers. Mr. Chambers was the manager of the Union Bank of Australia and changed the name of the house to "Rakeevan", after his family home in Ireland.</p><br>
<p>In 1903, Ferguson&#39;s other daughter and her husband, Joshua Thomas Bell MLA, took up residence. Bell, from Jimbour Station, held various portfolios and also served as speaker of the Legislative Assembly. In November 1919, the Fergusons loaned Rakeevan for 3 years to the Australian Red Cross to use as a convalescent home for soldiers returned from World War I.</p><br>
<p>The Ferguson daughters established extensive tropical gardens in the grounds and in 1921 Rakeevan hosted the inaugural Sherwood Shire Agricultural, Horticultural and Industrial Society Show. Most of the gardens have been destroyed by subsequent development.</p><br>
<p>Rakeevan was lent by Mrs. Bell as a military convalescent home during and after the First World War, following which it stood empty until purchased in the late 1920s by Gulf pastoralist James Stanislaus Kirby. Politician Dr Felix Dittmer was the next owner, and in 1957 he sold the property to the Glad Tidings Tabernacle.</p><br>
<p>The property was renamed Beth-Eden and officially opened as a retirement home in 1958. The house was modified and associated accommodation and service buildings were constructed.</p><br>
<p>The only remaining original outbuilding is the stables/coach-house to the southwest of the house.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Beth-Eden is a two-storeyed rendered brick house with a weatherboard stables/coach-house overlooking the Chelmer Reach of the Brisbane River. It is surrounded by single-storeyed brick buildings associated with the nursing home.</p><br>
<p>The corrugated iron hipped roof has projecting gables, two of which surmount bay windows on the northern and western elevations. The bays intercept the double height verandahs which feature on all four elevations. The roof has decorative render to the chimney stacks, eaves and gables.</p><br>
<p>The verandahs have decorative cast iron balustrading and columns, with brackets and valance on the lower verandah. The northern and eastern verandahs are roofed by a corrugated iron skillion awning, and sections of western and southern verandahs have been enclosed. The eastern verandah has been partially glazed, and a service building connects to the main building via a walkway.</p><br>
<p>The building has classical mouldings and a pedimented arched portico over the main entrance. The entrance contains black and white marble tiles and decorative sandblasted glass door surrounds and fanlight, on which is written "VERNEY".</p><br>
<p>The entrance hall contains a carved timber staircase with a large sandblasted glass window at the landing level. Decorative plaster mouldings feature around archways and light fittings. Ground floor public rooms, originally drawing and dining rooms, have marble fireplaces and timber panelling with folding timber doors between. Both floors have been altered with the first floor being used for accommodation and the ground floor for servicing. The building has double hung sash windows, fanlights above internal doors and an elevator has been installed in the entrance hall. The original stables/coach-house is located to the southwest of the main building and now serves as a garage. This weatherboard building has a corrugated iron gabled roof with decorative timber bargeboards and a central hay loft. The building has single skin vertically jointed internal walls and large openings have been cut into the northern facade.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Beth-Eden was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Beth-Eden demonstrates an uncommon aspect of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage, containing a now rare late 19th century timber stables/coach-house.</p><br>
<p>Beth-Eden is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a substantial, ornate, two-storeyed, 1880s masonry house, overlooking the Brisbane River.</p><br>
<p>Beth-Eden is important in exhibiting a range of aesthetic characteristics valued by the community, in particular the quality of the interior design, materials and craftsmanship.</p><br>
<p>Beth-Eden has a special association with prominent 19th century newspaper proprietor C H Buzacott and with important Brisbane architect Richard Gailey, being an example of his domestic work.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Beth-Eden demonstrates an uncommon aspect of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage, containing a now rare late 19th century timber stables/coach-house.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Beth-Eden is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a substantial, ornate, two-storeyed, 1880s masonry house, overlooking the Brisbane River.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Beth-Eden is important in exhibiting a range of aesthetic characteristics valued by the community, in particular the quality of the interior design, materials and craftsmanship.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Beth-Eden has a special association with prominent 19th century newspaper proprietor C H Buzacott and with important Brisbane architect Richard Gailey, being an example of his domestic work.</p><br>
<p>Graceville Uniting Church is a heritage-listed churchyard at 215 Oxley Road, Graceville, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed and built by Walter Taylor from 1917 to 1951. It was previously known as Graceville Methodist Church. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 September 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Graceville Uniting Church Complex site consists of the original church hall, erected in 1917; the church, opened in 1930; and the memorial hall, opened in 1951, all to the design of Walter Taylor. Repairs were made to the buildings from the mid-1950s onwards, with a jubilee restoration project to restore the church and memorial hall completed in 1965.</p><br>
<p>The Graceville Uniting Church (formerly Graceville Methodist Church) was originally part of the Sherwood circuit. In August 1914, it was deemed advisable to start a Sunday School in Graceville. The Sunday School was given the use of sheds on the Graceville recreation grounds, however, by 1917 the Sunday School had outgrown this accommodation. In January 1917, Messrs Taylor, Draper and Hedges were appointed to a committee to investigate a possible site for additional accommodation. Verney Road, east of Graceville railway station, was selected as the most central and appropriate site. Within a few days, Mr Taylor was approached by Mr Keid regarding eight allotments in Addison, Verney and Oxley Roads which were for sale for £135. Taylor paid a deposit of £10 to secure the property. In February 1917, the church decided to purchase three blocks - Allotments 299, 300 and 301 for £60, purchasing the other five allotments two years later for £75. The land was registered on 22 August 1917 as the property of the Methodist Church, with four nominated trustees. The new trustees agreed to secure a loan of £125 to build a new hall on the site. Taylor was appointed Honorary Architect and supervisor of the project and it was agreed that the hall was to be built by voluntary labour.</p><br>
<p>The new hall was opened on 3 November 1917 by the President of the Methodist Conference, Rev. W. Brown. Its construction was the result of community effort, built with the donation of various materials and voluntary labour. Taylor was heavily involved in the project - he drew the plans, prepared the specifications and supervised the work. The hall had the seating capacity of 120 people. While built for the Sunday School, the hall was also used for Sunday evening services, and for community events, such as community meetings, debating and concerts. At the end of 1917, the Graceville congregation became a separate entity from the Sherwood congregation. The Sunday School continued to grow, prompting a request for Taylor to prepare plans of an extension to the hall. Taylor volunteered to supervise the construction of the extensions and they were completed by his staff by 4 February 1924.</p><br>
<p>In 1928, the Church Trustees empowered Walter Taylor to devise plans for a new church on the corner of Verney and Oxley Roads. The foundation stone was laid on Saturday 2 March 1929 at a ceremony presided over by the President of the Queensland Methodist Conference, Rev. C.T. Palethorpe. Like the hall, the construction of the church was a community effort, with the donation of labour, cash and much of the construction material including filling, fencing, concrete foundations, reinforcing steel, bearers, floor joists, timber for roof construction and cathedral glass for windows. The congregation had intended to complete the superstructure of the church without borrowing any money, however the economics of the time were against them. Being the time of the Depression, many of the men of the parish were unemployed, on relief work, and so were unable to give money as generously as they had done in the past. £500 was borrowed from the Methodist Loan Fund.</p><br>
<p>The church was opened by His Excellency the Governor of Queensland, Sir John Goodwin, on 29 November 1930. Tribute was paid to the architect and builder of the church, Walter Taylor, with the congregation&#39;s appreciation expressed in the erection of a marble slab and framed photographs of Walter and Louisa Taylor in the church.</p><br>
<p>According to the Queensland Methodist Times, the use of the Perpendicular Gothic style was an innovation in Methodist architecture. The precast concrete parts were made in Walter Taylor&#39;s workshop, moved to the site and "placed in position like masonry. They were laced together with steel and concrete providing a building of extra-ordinary strength, without in any way detracting from the gracefulness of design". After the buttresses were erected, walls, panels and window jambs at the top and filled in with concrete slabs, formed a broken surface, "with a very pleasing effect". A parapet with a counterfoil design was mounted on top of the walls between the buttresses, and was broken by a pointed turret over each buttress. "Rapid hardening cement and reinforced concrete have made it possible to construct on a very modest scale a building containing all the essential features".</p><br>
<p>Cruciform in plan, the church was symbolic in its representation of part of the Scriptures - a parable in stone. The exterior walls were to be constructed from 33 buttresses which represent the 33 years of Christ&#39;s life on earth. The walls between the buttresses were divided into seven - the perfect number in the Bible. There are three windows in each bay - a trinity of light. The building featured 1450 Gothic arches and 8000 panes of tinted Cathedral glass.</p><br>
<p>In November 1937, two trees were given to the church by Mrs Taylor and planted in the church grounds. Various other additions were made to the church, including a photograph frame containing pictures of past ministers, a baptismal font, a pulpit, and a memorial plaque to commemorate Brother James William Roberts.</p><br>
<p>At a Trustees Meeting on 15 November 1944, a letter from Taylor was read which stated that the time was opportune to launch a scheme to build a memorial hall and to simultaneously pay off the church debt. Plans proposed by Taylor were presented to the meeting and the committee agreed to go ahead with the construction of the hall which would be a memorial to those who served in World War Two and would be used by the Sunday School and church societies.</p><br>
<p>The foundation stone of the memorial hall was laid on 20 September 1947 by Mr W.H. Green. Taylor recommended that the front and side fence of the church be removed. The good portions were re-erected at the side of the hall and the broken pieces were used in the foundations. After delays caused by shortages of materials and Bureau of Industry concerns, the memorial hall was officially opened on 1 December 1951. Apart from the honour board remembering those who fell in World War Two, the memorial also contained many tributes to former church members.</p><br>
<p>From the 1950s, various renovations and modifications were carried out on the Graceville Methodist Church. In 1955 repairs were needed to the church floor and to the roof, and in November 1956 the vestry roof and floor of the tower were resurfaced. A new concrete sump was placed under the church and an automatic electric pump to remove water from the sump was installed. A 1957 report by architects Cook and Kerrison, found the church in serious need of repair. It was agreed to allow Cook and Kerrison to proceed with preparing specifications for renewing the floor and box guttering. The trustees approved that the new church floor should be concrete with a suitable covering. The £1972 tender of A. L. Paice was accepted. To complete the work, the existing pulpit and communion rail were removed and later re-installed to one side. In 1958 a new septic toilet block was constructed and a new memorial window was unveiled in the church. A new organ was donated in 1959. The interior of the church was also repainted by Ash and Nephew, and Brisbane Lead Light Service repaired and installed various windows. In 1960 new stairs from the Minister&#39;s Vestry to the choir stalls were constructed, and in 1962 a new pulpit chair was installed.</p><br>
<p>In about March 1962 Louisa Taylor died and in accordance with the will of Walter Taylor the overdraft and the balance owed to the Methodist Loan Fund were liquidated. The two large windows at the Verney Road end of the church were dedicated as memorial windows to Mr and Mrs Taylor.</p><br>
<p>In 1963 the original Trustee committee was replaced by the Property Board of Graceville Methodist Church who selected the restoration of the church and memorial hall as its jubilee project. The most important issues were the spalling of the concrete in the hall and church owing to the penetration of moisture which caused the steel reinforcing to rust, and damage and disfigurement caused by pigeon droppings. The restoration work was completed in 1965 by Building Plastics. The project involved cutting out loose concrete where spalling was evident, cleaning, treating the steel reinforcement and repairing the concrete. All loose paint and moss was removed, anti-mould solution was applied, a sealer coat was added as well as a coat of bitumen and woven fibreglass cloth was used to cover all the cracks and repairs. Finally two more coats of bitumen, two colour coats and two coats of clear plastic were applied. The new colour chosen was beige. In 1965 the tennis courts were also improved and the retired men of the parish gave up their Friday afternoons to improve the church grounds.</p><br>
<p>Throughout the late 1960s, several other additions and improvements were made. New carpet and linoleum was laid, three of the church windows were replaced, the church was rewired, lighting in the choir lofts was added and a beam under the Vestry floor was strengthened. A new organ was purchased, a memorial side pulpit was built, and three memorial chairs and a carved timber flower stand was installed. In the 1970s the hall was renovated as were the two tennis courts. In 1980 the choir vestry floor was repaired and tiled, and the tiles in the church were also cleaned. A concrete ramp to facilitate wheelchair access was installed, new stainless steel guttering was added to the church roof, and the old hall was renovated.</p><br>
<p>After the formation of the Uniting Church in 1977, the Graceville Parish remained a part of the Sherwood Parish until 1988. Since then Graceville has been a separate Uniting Church parish.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Graceville Uniting Church and Memorial Hall are sited on a block bounded by Oxley Road, Verney Road East and Addison Road. In addition to the church and hall, the site also contains the original timber church hall and tennis courts. Plantings exist along the Oxley Road elevation of the church.</p><br>
<h3>The church</h3><br>
<p>The rendered concrete building is a modestly-sized church (nave approximately 15 metres by 10 metres) laid out with a T-shaped plan (St Anthony&#39;s cross) comprising a central nave, transepts and choir. The design of the building, like the adjacent hall, is influenced by an Inter-War Gothic style of architecture.</p><br>
<p>The front elevation of the church faces Verney Road East and comprises the gabled end of the church, flanked by a projecting octagonal vestry to the west and a projecting tower to the east. The elevation is asymmetrical with the tower dominating. The centre of the gabled end houses a large pointed arched window opening. Located above this is a lancet opening infilled with fixed louvred panels.</p><br>
<p>The octagonal vestry abuts the western side of the front facade. Supporting the vestry walls are six buttresses, each capped with a pinnacle. Between the buttresses are precast concrete panels with foiled heads. The central panel is infilled with leaded glass. The vestry roof has a central, raised pinnacle which also forms one end of the gable of the nave.</p><br>
<p>The bell tower, located on the Oxley Road side of the front elevation, is square in plan and capped with an eight-sided spire. The structure is supported by buttresses on the three external corners. The main doors to the church are located in the base of the bell tower. These are accessed via an arched opening on the southern side of the bell tower. This opening is surmounted by a decorative gable supported by paired columns on either side of the door. A ramp leads up to this opening where it is met by decorative timber gates. Tesselated tiles cover the floor of the bell tower. The doors to the church lie at right-angles to the arched opening and gates. Above the doorway on the ground floor are precast concrete panels with foiled heads, surmounted by a horizontal panel with recessed quatrefoil motif. Above this panel are chamfered columns supporting a foiled arcade. Above this is an area of pre-cast concrete tiled, centrally located on which is a lancet window. Surmounting the tower is an eight-side concrete spire.</p><br>
<p>The side walls of the church consist of a series of reinforced concrete buttresses surmounted by pinnacles. Between these buttresses are infill panels of pre-cast concrete which typically contain three leaded glass lancet windows per panel. These panels are surmounted by pre-cast concrete spandrels featuring a quatrefoil motif.</p><br>
<p>The transepts lie on the northern end of the building. External access to this portion of the church is via double doors on the truncated corners of both transepts. A six-panelled leaded window is located above each double door. All entrances to the church are flanked by columns either side which support a decorative gable.</p><br>
<p>The steeply-pitched roof of the church is clad with Wunderlich terracotta tiles. Along the ridge of the roof is a concrete crenellated ridge capping.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the nave is divided by a central aisle with original timber pews either side. Various memorials are located on the walls and in the leaded windows of the nave, including the windows on the southern wall of the church dedicated to Louisa and Walter Taylor.</p><br>
<p>The transepts are divided internally to form vestries. The southern portions of both transepts are integrated with the body of the church and contain pews, and a pipe organ is located in the eastern transept. The vestries contain stair access to the choir stalls.</p><br>
<p>The vestry located on the south-western corner of the church contains a ladder and doorway which provide access to the bell tower and spire.</p><br>
<p>The pulpit area is surrounded by a communion rail. Access to the pulpit is gained via a set of stairs which continue behind the pulpit to the tiered choir stalls.</p><br>
<p>The rendered concrete ceiling is suspended below timber roofing members and incorporates simplified Gothic-style tracery and V-shaped coffers.</p><br>
<p>The main church floor is now a raked concrete slab on ground, however timber flooring survives to the elevated choir.</p><br>
<p>Internal joinery is generally silky oak including an altered choir front and pulpit.</p><br>
<h3>The memorial hall</h3><br>
<p>The memorial hall is related in style and detailing to the church but is more restrained in its use of the Gothic style. It is also similar in construction to the church, although the hall employs slightly different pre-cast concrete units for the walls.</p><br>
<p>The main roof is a steeply-pitched timber-framed roof clad in Wunderlich terracotta tiles. A small gable roofed porch abuts the Oxley Road elevation of the building.</p><br>
<p>The hall is essentially a single large space with a mezzanine at the Oxley Road end. At the opposite end is a stage. Located to either side of the stage is a set of stairs and a doorway providing access to the stage. A kitchen and large kindergarten room forming the L-shaped plan are also located at his end of the hall. The kindergarten lies on the northern side of the stage area. Access to this room is via the stage and an external door in the south-eastern corner of the room. The floor of the kindergarten room is at the same height as the stage.</p><br>
<p>The front porch area contains World War II memorial elements, including memorial plaques and recent memorial stained glass windows. The windows lie either side of the main entry doors. A door in the southern wall of the hall provides access from the rear of the church directly into the main room of the hall. Windows are typically paired tracery windows with timber sashes. The main floor is timber-framed with a part-basement space underneath.</p><br>
<p>New brick toilets infill between the rear of the hall and tennis shelter shed.</p><br>
<h3>The original hall</h3><br>
<p>The original hall is sited west of the Memorial Hall. It is a timber construction with sash windows, a central gabled projection and a corrugated iron hipped roof. The hall is currently used as part of the tennis court complex.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Graceville Uniting Church Complex was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 September 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The church and hall are significant as good representative examples of the Inter-War Gothic Style of architecture. The church and hall are important for their aesthetic and architectural significance as well composed, unusual buildings and as important landmark elements of the streetscape. In particular, the church tower and spire is dominant in the streetscape and provides a local landmark.</p><br>
<p>The method of construction used on both the church and the hall was radically different to conventional construction techniques of the time, and as such demonstrate a high degree of technical achievement in the early use of pre-cast concrete in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Since opening, the church and the hall have been in continuous use providing for the spiritual, recreational and social needs of the Graceville Community, creating a strong and special association with the site. The church and hall are significant for their strong association with prominent builder, Walter Taylor, who designed the buildings, devised their unusual construction method and supervised their construction. Taylor was also a major financial contributor to the construction of the complex, and included expressions of his faith in the design and layout of the church in which he worshipped for many years. Taylor was a major building contractor in Brisbane, known particularly for his reinforced concrete buildings and structures. His most famous work was the Walter Taylor bridge, constructed in 1935 as a toll bridge over the Brisbane River at Indooroopilly.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The church and hall are significant as good representative examples of the Inter-War Gothic Style of architecture.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The church and hall are important for their aesthetic and architectural significance as well composed, unusual buildings and as important landmark elements of the streetscape. In particular, the church tower and spire is dominant in the streetscape and provides a local landmark.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>The method of construction used on both the church and the hall was radically different to conventional construction techniques of the time, and as such demonstrate a high degree of technical achievement in the early use of pre-cast concrete in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Since opening, the church and the hall have been in continuous use providing for the spiritual, recreational and social needs of the Graceville Community, creating a strong and special association with the site.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The church and hall are significant for their strong association with prominent builder, Walter Taylor, who designed the buildings, devised their unusual construction method and supervised their construction. Taylor was also a major financial contributor to the construction of the complex, and included expressions of his faith in the design and layout of the church in which he worshipped for many years. Taylor was a major building contractor in Brisbane, known particularly for his reinforced concrete buildings and structures. His most famous work was the Walter Taylor Bridge, constructed in 1935 as a toll bridge over the Brisbane River at Indooroopilly.</p><br>
<p>The Gakona Historic District encompasses the historic settlement of Gakona, Alaska, which was established as a stagecoach stop on what is now the Glenn Highway in eastern Alaska. The district includes the original Gakona Roadhouse, dating to 1904, and a cluster of buildings around the 1926-28 Gakona Lodge just to its south: two cabins, a horse barn, carriage house, bar, and house. All but two of these are of log construction, and most were built either c. 1904 or 1926-28, when the highway was rebuilt to a higher standard.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>Contributing Properties</h2><br>
<p>The historical district contains a total of 11 contributing properties, built between 1904 and 1942:</p><br>
<p>Cabin One, 62.30206&deg; latitude, -145.30044&deg; longitude, built 1930-1931.</p><br>
<p>Cabin Two, 62.30217&deg; latitude, -145.30117&deg; longitude, built 1930-1931.</p><br>
<p>Carriage House, 62.30231&deg; latitude, -145.30197&deg; longitude, built 1929.</p><br>
<p>Trapper&#39;s Den Bar, 62.30236&deg; latitude, -145.30244&deg; longitude, built 1942.</p><br>
<p>Gakona Lodge (the present Gakona Roadhouse) 62.30239&deg; latitude, -145.3032&deg; longitude, built 1926-1928.</p><br>
<p>Garage, 62.30248&deg; latitude, -145.30409&deg; longitude, built 1942.</p><br>
<p>Storage Shed, 62.30266&deg; latitude, -145.30356&deg; longitude, built 1904.</p><br>
<p>Ice House, 62.30268&deg; latitude, -145.30395&deg; longitude, built 1904.</p><br>
<p>Gakona Roadhouse, 62.3028&deg; latitude, -145.30421&deg; longitude, built 1904.</p><br>
<p>Horse Barn, 62.30233&deg; latitude, -145.3048&deg; longitude, built 1910.</p><br>
<p>Henra Sundt House, 62.30181&deg; latitude, -145.30501&deg; longitude, built 1927-1928.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. Moses Mason House is a historic house museum at the northeast corner of Broad Street and Mason Street in Bethel, Maine. Built c. 1813-15, it is notable as the home of one of Bethel&#39;s early doctors and first postmaster, Moses Mason , and for the murals drawn on some of its walls by the itinerant artist  Rufus Porter. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972; it is now owned by the Museums of the Bethel Historical Society, and is open year-round for tours .</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Mason House is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, five bays wide and one deep, with two interior chimneys. It stands facing the Bethel Green as one of a number of graceful Federal period houses. The house is finished in white clapboards and rests on a granite foundation. A rear leanto addition extends the house to the rear. The main entrance is centered on the front (west-facing) facade; it features sidelight windows and a broad elliptical fanlight, framed by pilasters and topped by a cornice.</p><br>
<p>The interior of house has been modernized, but its principal showcase, murals in the central hall and stairwell, have been preserved, as has some of its woodwork. These were painted, probably c. 1830, by the itinerant artist Rufus Porter, and show harbor and woodland scenes typical of his work.</p><br>
<p>Dr. Moses Mason, for whom the house was built c. 1813, was apprenticed to a local doctor before beginning his practice. He served as Bethel&#39;s first postmaster, and as a town selectman, trustee of the Gould Academy, and as a two-term representative in the United States Congress. After his death the house passed to Ada Durrell, a daughter of cousins, who the Masons had raised. Her descendants gave the house to the Museums of the Bethel Historical Society in 1971.</p><br>
<p>The society now maintains the property as a historic house museum, open for regular tours in the summer and by appointment at other times.</p><br>
<p>Beverley Friary  is a row of buildings in Beverley, East Riding of Yorkshire, England. The buildings are a Grade II* listed building that since 1984 have been used as a youth hostel. They are thought to be either part of an old Dominican friary, or to have been built on the site of the friary using stone from the site.</p><br>
<h2>History of the friary</h2><br>
<p>A Dominican friary was first established in Beverley. The Dominican order were given an area of land close to Beverley Minster by the Archbishop of York who was the lord of Beverley. On this site the Blackfriars (as the Dominican order were often known due to the colour of their cowls) built their first friary; probably of timber until the cost of stone could be afforded.</p><br>
<p>As the community flourshed and money became available, the friary was extended and in the early 14th century and extension to the south west of the cloister saw the construction of a building to accommodate guests was built and it is the foundations of this building that provide the footings for the present day buildings.</p><br>
<p>By the end of the 14th century the friary was at its maximum extent and the next 150 years saw a gradual decline in the fortunes of the friary and a contraction in the use of the buildings.</p><br>
<p>In 1539 the Dissolution of the Monasteries had entered a second round of dissolutions and the remaining friars were expelled in that year and the property wrecked. Many of the buildings were simply pulled down and much of the material used elsewhere although the guesthouse is thought to have escaped demolition because it was not being used directly for religious purposes. An alternative theory for the existence of the current buildings is that they were constructed on the site of the guesthouse using materials recovered from elsewhere within the friary.</p><br>
<h2>History since Dissolution</h2><br>
<p>In 1544 the guesthouse was sold to John Pope and Anthony Foster. At some later date it was sold again to the Wharton family and later to Earls of Yarborough and in 1826 was acquired by Richard Whiteing whose family continued to own part of the property until 1960. The remainder of the friary was used for a variery of purposes but in the 19th century much of it was built over by the building of the railway between Hull and Bridlington. The guesthouse became, during the 19th century, three spearate dwelling houses, numbers 7, 9 and 11 Friary Lane and continued this use until the 1960s. At this time owenrship passed to Armstrong Patents Co ltd who owned the adjacent factory and in 1962 Armstrong&#39;s applied for permission to demolish the buildings. Permission was refused and the houses made the subject of a preservation order with preservation work commencing in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The buildings are now owned by East Riding of Yorkshire Council who maintain the buildings with the assistance of the Beverley Friary Preservation Trust. In 1984 the buildings were rented to YHA (England and Wales) who have operated a youth hostel on the site since.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The buildings are a mix of brick and stone construction and stands on the stone footings of one of the earlier friary buildings. Some of the brickwork exhibits a diaper pattern using sunken bricks. The roof is tiled and the internal partition walls are timber framed. Within the western most building a number of painted wall plasters dating from about the time of the Dissolution were discovered during the restoration work.</p><br>
<p>The Patteriol is a mountain in the Verwall Alps in the Austrian state of Tyrol. It has an elevation of.  Patteriol is sometimes called "Matterhorn of Verwall" because of its shape.</p><br>
<p>Aside from the main summit, the Patteriol has some more summits:</p><br>
<p>South summit (also called Pfeilerkopf, )</p><br>
<p>Horn</p><br>
<p>Kleiner Patteriol</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The ascent on normal route from the alpine club hut Konstanzer Hütte at 1688 m to the summit takes approximately 4½ to 5 hours and difficulty grade is II on UIAA climbing scale. The first ascensionists of the summit were around the year 1860 two geodesists, three hunters and a soldier (a "Kaiserjäger").</p><br>
<p>Additionally there are rock climbing routes. Some of them are:</p><br>
<p>North-east ridge, UIAA grade mostly III, two spots IV− and V</p><br>
<p>East pillar, grade IV+</p><br>
<p>South pillar, grade IV+</p><br>
<p>NAN Ranch, also known as Y Bar NAN Ranch, is a ranch in Faywood, New Mexico, that was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. The property was developed as a ranch beginning in the late-1860s by John Brockman, who grew corn, alfalfa, and several types of fruit and bred cattle. Cattleman John T. McElroy purchased the ranch in 1927 and hired Trost & Trost to renovate and expand the ranch compound to become the NAN Ranch headquarters. The project included a new house, extensive landscaping, swimming pool, a slaughterhouse, powerhouse, and other residential and ranch buildings. It is historically significant due to its architecture and its role as a major 19th century ranch.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>NAN Ranch is located along the Mimbres River,</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The property, developed in the late-1860s by John Brockman represents 19th century agricultural enterprise and New Mexican architecture in the Mimbres Valley. He patented his homestead claim in 1881. Archaeologist Adolph Bandelier called the homestead a "plazita" following his visit in 1883. Considered a "model ranch" in the Silver City Enterprise, Brockman produced corn, alfalfa, cherries, peaches, pears, grapes, and apples. He was the only supplier of hay to Fort Bayard and Fort Cummings. The Clifton Clarion said in 1886 that he had the best all-purpose ranches in the state of New Mexico. Besides his agricultural pursuits, Brockman bred black and Shorthorn cattle.</p><br>
<p>Brockman sold, what was considered "one of the three principal places on the Mimbres", in 1901 to the NAN Ranch and Cattle Company, which owned property just north of Brockmans land in Gallinas Canyon. NAN Ranch, which began developing its ranch in the 1880s, then moved its headquarters to the Brockman homestead. John T. McElroy, a cattleman from El Paso, Texas, bought the ranch in 1927. The El Paso-based architectural firm Trost & Trost was hired by McElroy and his wife to complete a US $300,000 ($ today) project to renovate and expand the complex to include a new house, swimming pool, large courtyard and landscaping. The house alone cost $100,000 ($ today). The following year sixteen additional residential and ranch buildings were constructed, including a power plant and slaughter house. It became "the best country place" built in New Mexico in the 1920s according to Baker Morrow, the landscape architect who consulted for the New Mexico Historic Preservation Division. In 1945 the ranch, that was then 100,000 acres, was sold. In 1988, when it was registered as a historic place, it was owned by W. B. Hinton. By that time the servants quarters building was used for archaeological teams from Texas A&M University who excavated the propertys NAN Ranch Ruin. Archaeologist Harry J. Shafer at the university began working on the excavation of the ruins after having been contacted by Margaret Hinton, who him told of the ruins found on the ranch and the connection to the nearby Swarts Ruin of the Mimbres culture.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The approximate 18 acre NAN Ranch headquarters contains historic residential, farm, blacksmith, grain silos, and other buildings. The Brockman homestead was built about 1880. The Spanish Colonial Revival McElroy House (1928) has a red clay tile gable roof, stuccoed walls, cast Solomonic columns, exposed wood and cast stone details, and wrought iron fixtures. It has a central octagonal sun room and a sleeping porch. A swimming pool, red clay tile deck, high-walled courtyard, and wooden arbor are near the two main residences. The property is landscaped with cypress, cottonwood, mulberry, and hollyhock trees. Roses, hollyhocks, iris, English Ivy, and privet hedges also feature in the landscaping.</p><br>
<p>Other historic residences include houses for the foreman, gardener, servants and cowboys. The foreman&#39;s house is a bungalow and a bunkhouse was built for cowboys. Other buildings include a slaughter house, blacksmith shop and power plant, chicken house, smoke house, laundry, garages, and barns. Irrigation ditches built by John Brockman were modified to concrete irrigation gutters.</p><br>
<p>The Marked Tree Lock and Siphons are a flood control facility on the St. Francis River in Poinsett County, Arkansas. These facilities are located about 9 mi north of Marked Tree. Built in 1926, the lock is located on a now disused and partially filled artificial channel west of the main river. It has a concrete trough about 130 ft long and 30 ft high, with a small brick control house from which four gates are operated to regulate water flow through the lock. The lock gates have been removed and that area filled in and topped by a roadway. The siphons are located on a levee that impounds the main river channel several hundred feet upstream from the lock, and consist of a series large metal tubes, whose ends are mounted in submerged concrete structures above and below the levee. The siphons were built in 1939 to solve the problem of water flow regulation in the wake of repeated major flooding events on the river, and are described by the United States Army Corps of Engineers as unique in the nation for their scope and efficiency.</p><br>
<p>The lock and siphons were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Gakona Roadhouse is a historic traveler service facility in Gakona, Alaska, at mile 205 of the Glenn Highway. It is a 1-1/2 log structure with a gabled roof covered in corrugated metal. A shed-roof addition extends to the main block&#39;s east side. The roadhouse was built c. 1904, during the construction by the United States Army of the Trans-Alaska Military Road between Valdez and Eagle. This roadhouse was strategically located at a place where that road diverged from the old Eagle Trail, used by miners to reach the gold rush fields of the Yukon River. The original 1904 structure is used for storage; the present roadhouse facilities are provided by later  structures.</p><br>
<p>The roadhouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<p>The McLaughlin House and Garden are a historic house museum and associated specimen garden at 97 Main Street in South Paris, Maine. The property includes a traditional New England connected farmstead with house, ell, and barn, all of which date to the mid-19th century, and a landscaped garden area developed beginning in the 1930s by Bernard McLaughlin that now houses more than 500 varieties of flowers. It is one of a small number of such specimen gardens in the state, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. The property is now owned by a local nonprofit organization, and is open to the public free of charge between May and October.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The McLaughlin House is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, three bays wide, which is set close to busy Main Street in South Paris. The main entrance is in the center bay, flanked by sidelight windows and topped by a fanlight, with a sheltering hood supported by heavy Italianate brackets. The bay to the left of the entry has a projecting polygonal bay. A two story wing is recessed from the main block, and joins the house via a connecting ell to a period barn. The wing and ell have an enclosed porch extending along the south facade. The interior of the main block has woodwork that is transitional Greek Revival/Italianate in style.</p><br>
<p>The house is believed to have been built c. 1851 by John Holmes, who purchased the land in that year, and sold it at a markedly higher price the following year. It remained in the hands of members of the Holmes and Bicknell families until 1890, when it was acquired by Frederick Tribou. Tribou&#39;s daughter Rena married Bernard McLaughlin in 1936, and the couple lived there until their deaths (hers in 1986, his in 1995). The Tribous and McLaughlins did not farm the land, instead selling most of it off over time for development. Bernard McLaughlin was an amateur horticulturalist, and he used tracts of the former agricultural lands of the property to build a landscaped specimen garden over a period of six decades. A 1994 survey of the property identified more than 500 different species of plants, predominantly irises and lilacs, although other annual and perennial flowers and woodland plants are also represented in the collection. Although McLaughlin was an amateur, this collection has come to have some importance in Maine as one of only three such gardens statewide.</p><br>
<p>Although McLaughlin&#39;s will stipulated that the property be sold off, local preservationists banded together to preserve the property. The property is open to the public free of charge between May and October; guided tours are available for a fee, and its facilities are available for rental.</p><br>
<p>Gökkale is an ancient villa rustica in Silifke district of Mersin Province, Turkey</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Gökkale at is situated to the northwest of the İmamlı village. Imamlı can be reached via a 15 km (9.3 mi) road from Atakent which is on Turkish state highway. The 2 km - road to from İmamlı to Gökkale is not accessible by motor vehicles. But there is a footpath which at times coincides with a Roman road. The distance to Silifke is 30 km and to Mersin is 87 km.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Gökkale literally means "Skycastle". But actually it was a residence. Gökkale is situated in a region which was once called Cilicia Trachaea (Rugged Cilicia). This region was famous for olive production and there were vast farms during the Roman Empire and early Byzantine Empire eras. Villa rusticas were residences of wealthy farm owners.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The building with orthogonal masonry has six rooms. The windows are supported by vaults. There is a big cistern under the front yard of the building. There are two sarcophagi, the ruins of an olive press and a mill around the building.</p><br>
<h2>Trivia</h2><br>
<p>In 1949 the building was temporarily used as a village school.</p><br>
<p>The Atauloma Girls School is a historic parochial school building in Afao village on the island of Tutuila in American Samoa. The London Missionary Society opened it in 1900 as the second secondary school on Tutuila , and the first to admit girls. For most of its history it prepared girls primarily to be pastors&#39; wives, and after 1913 provided graduates to the nursing school at the naval station at Pago Pago. Its establishment saved Tutuila girls the necessity of travel to Upolu for secondary school, which separated them from their families and exposed them to the dangers of the international port at Apia. Atauloma was abandoned by 1970.</p><br>
<p>The school was listed on the United States National Register of Historic Places in 1972. It was featured on the television program Ghost Hunters International in its third-season episode "Ghoul&#39;s School" in 2012.</p><br>
<p>The historic Sisters High School  was built in 1939 as a public secondary school for the community of Sisters in central Oregon. It was constructed using United States Federal Government funds provided through the Public Works Administration. The old Sisters High School was listed on National Register of Historic Places in 2006. Today, the facility has been converted into an administration building for the local school district.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The old Sisters High School is located in Sisters, a small community in Deschutes County, Oregon. The high school building has been an important landmark in the community since the 1930s. It replaced a school house built in 1912 that was used for all classes from first grade through high school.</p><br>
<p>The Sisters School District purchased property for the high school in 1938. The land was bought from the Oregon and Western Colonization Company, which owned unused right-of-way along USA Route 20. The 2 acre lot acquired for the high school is a triangular parcel of land on the southeast side of Sisters. It is bordered by Locust Street on the east and Cascade Avenue on the north with Route 20 running diagonally along the southwest side of the property.</p><br>
<p>The high school was built in 1939 as a Public Works Administration project, one of many public schools funded by the United States Federal Government during the Great Depression. It was financed with a Public Works Administration grant of $8,550 along with $14,000 in bonds issued by the Sisters School District. The high school’s architectural style is colonial revival, a common design type for public schools constructed during the 1930s. The building was designed by John E. Isted, an architect from Bend, Oregon. The construction contract was won by O. C. Hart of Redmond, Oregon with a bid of $22,138. Hart began work on the building in late December 1938. The structure was completed in May 1939. It was furnished over the summer so it was ready to host classes in September 1939. The high school was officially opened on 6 September 1939 with 20 students enrolled.</p><br>
<p>The high school served the Sisters community until the 1960s, when the local tax base could no longer support an independent high school. In 1969, the Sisters School District closed the high school. Its 65 students were transferred to Redmond High School, approximately 20 mi away. In 1973, a proposed bond measure to finance a new high school was defeated by voters, leaving approximately 60 high school students from Sisters to attend school in Redmond.</p><br>
<p>After several decades of growth, the town of Sisters was able to financially support its own high school again. However, the old high school building was inadequate for the community’s educational needs. As a result, the school district built a new high school which opened in 1992. In 2003, a newer high school was built and the facility built in 1992 was converting into a junior high school. The newest Sisters High School is located on the west side of town.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, the historic high school underwent a major renovation. The local school board financed the project by selling excess school district property. The renovation included preservation of wood paneling, school lockers, and drinking fountains as well as restoration of window frames and other exterior features. The project also converted the building into an administration office for the Sisters School District, keeping the historic character of the building while giving it a new economically viable purpose.</p><br>
<p>The renovation project was very successful in restoring and modernizing the structure of the building while maintaining its original character. Because of the building’s importance to the Sisters community and its association with the Public Works Administration and the New Deal, the old Sisters High School was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The exterior is a traditional colonial revival style façade. The building is one story high with a partial basement for utilities and storage. It has a rectangular footprint measuring 94 ft east–west and 56 ft north–south. The perimeter foundation is made of steel reinforced concrete. The structural walls are a steel-reinforced wooden frame with a textured red brick veneer exterior. This combination makes the structure extremely solid.</p><br>
<p>The original pediment entrance was in the center of the south side of the building. However, that entrance was closed and covered with brick facing during the 2005 renovation. Also during that 2005 makeover a new main entrance was created in the center of the north façade where the external basement entrance was originally located. The new main entrance is a colonial revival style pediment portico with a clapboard covered gable end. It was carefully designed to be compatible with the historic character of the building.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>Inside the school, the interior rooms are set along both sides of a main hallway that runs the length of the building. The main corridor connects the double-door entrances on the east and west sides of the building. It is 8 ft wide and lined with steel lockers on both sides of the hallway. There is also a multi-faucet drinking fountain located in the main hallway. The corridor has knotty pine paneling on the lower portion of the walls, framing the banks of lockers and classroom doors. Above the paneling, the walls are painted plaster. The main entrance joins the main hallway in the center of the building.</p><br>
<p>Originally, there were four classrooms, two on each side of the main corridor. Each classroom had two separate doors connecting to the main hallway. During the 2005 renovation, two of the classrooms were restored to their original configuration. Both of the classrooms are 29 x long wide. The other two classrooms were divided up into individual work rooms and offices. All of the classrooms and offices have large windows designed to let in a maximum level of natural light. There are restrooms located off the main corridor at the northeast and northwest corners of the building. Each restroom has a pair of eight-over-eight double-hung windows. These windows are on the east and west sides of the building.</p><br>
<p>There are three offices that open onto the hallway across from the new main entrance. This is where the original entrance and foyer was located. The stairwell to the basement is also located in this area, just off the main hallway. The basement is much smaller than the first floor. It is a 41 x space running perpendicular to the main hallway on the floor above. There are three small rooms off a basement hallway. One room is a vault; another is for electrical and mechanical equipment; and the third is for general storage. The rest of the space below the main floor is crawl space.</p><br>
<p>Kingaroy Peanut Silos is a heritage-listed silos at 117-131 Haly Street, Kingaroy, South Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Thomas Robinson & Son and Macdonald Wagner Consulting Engineers and built in 1938 by Kell & Rigby. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 8 October 2010.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Kingaroy Peanut Silos located in Haly Street, Kingaroy are a group of three concrete silos (Nos 2, 3 and 4) that were constructed between 1938 and 1951 by the Queensland Peanut Marketing Board for storage of peanuts before their processing and marketing. These large structures dominate the skyline of Kingaroy and the surrounding landscape. They are widely recognised symbols of the peanut growing and processing industry in Queensland that developed as a commercial enterprise in the South Burnett centred upon Kingaroy and which has been managed from this town since the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>Although initial pastoral settlement in the Kingaroy area commenced in the 1840s when Taabinga station and Burrandowan station were taken up, the town of Kingaroy owes its establishment to the arrival of the Kilkivan branch railway in 1904. In 1898 the only resident in the vicinity of Kingaroy was Daniel Carroll who had selected a 160-acre block abutting the 3,430 acre Kingaroy Paddock selection in 1891 and built a hut and yard for his horses. By 1900 he had erected a cottage and had selected further blocks of land adjoining his original portion. In 1902 a provisional school opened in Kingaroy with about twenty pupils. Once the Kilkivan branch railway reached the 56 mile peg near the corner of the Kingaroy Paddock in 1904, the railway terminus was the impetus for the establishment of Kingaroy township. Both Carroll and Arthur Youngman, owner of the Kingaroy Paddock, auctioned town blocks at public auction during 1904. When the first train arrived, there were only three buildings - Carrolls new hotel, the Carrollee, FC Petersens store and Carroll Cottage. After the arrival of the railway Kingaroy quickly developed as a service centre with the establishment of commercial premises such as shops and hotels. These were soon followed by public buildings, churches and schools. The seven years during which Kingaroy was the railhead were sufficient for it to establish a lasting dominance over neighbouring townships.</p><br>
<p>Peanuts have been grown in Queensland since Chinese cultivators planted them on the Palmer River goldfield in the 1870s. Small acreages were grown by several farmers in the South Burnett from about 1901 and these peanuts were sold to confectioners and shops in Brisbane, Maryborough and Rockhampton. From significant acreages in the South Burnett became devoted to peanut growing.</p><br>
<p>A major boost to the peanut growers was the establishment of the Marrickville Margarine Company&#39;s oil expression plant at Marrickville, New South Wales in 1921. The company purchased almost the entire 1921-1922 crop in the South Burnett and may have created the demand which made the establishment and growth of the industry possible. Further stimulus was provided by the establishment of other companies, such as Nut Foods Pty Ltd in 1924, to produce peanut products such as peanut paste and salted and roasted peanuts that entered this business around this time.</p><br>
<p>Subsequently, more farmers in the South Burnett began peanut-growing. In 1922, 61 tons were produced, rising to 75 tons in 1923 and to 231 tons in 1924. This increase in peanut growing coincided with a fall in the price received by farmers for maize, which had been their primary cash crop. However, in 1924 merchants were not prepared to pay what growers considered a reasonable price for the increased quantity of peanuts claiming there was a glut and offering prices as low as ? pence/lb. Consequently, growers refused to sell at a price insufficient to meet the costs of production. A meeting of growers held at Memerambi decided to approach the Minister for Agriculture and Stock to obtain approval for the formation of a Peanut Board under the Primary Products Pools Act 1922. Board members were elected and a strategy for marketing the current crop was established.</p><br>
<p>This strategy involved transforming the crop into a marketable condition to supply quality lines and deliver the product throughout the year as the market required it. The Board did this by deshelling, grading, culling and storing the peanuts. Meanwhile, the establishment of the Queensland Peanut Marketing Board was gazetted on 23 August 1924. The result for the first year of operations was satisfactory with growers paid approximately 4 pence/pound.</p><br>
<p>During the period 1919 to 1924 production for the whole of Queensland increased from 57 to 448 tons. The other areas in Queensland producing peanuts were Moreton, Port Curtis, Edgecombe, Rockingham, Cape York Peninsula and the Darling Downs/Maranoa divisions. Peanuts were grown in areas such as the North Coast region where fruit farmers grew 1 - of peanuts as a side-line to their fruit production. Over time the peanut industry became concentrated in three areas of Queensland. The South Burnett, with Kingaroy as the headquarters of the Board, storage and treatment facilities, was the main area. A second area was in Central Queensland, especially along the coast, with Rockhampton as its centre. The third centre was on the Atherton Tableland with the Board&#39;s depot being located in Atherton.</p><br>
<p>Storage was one of the main needs of the South Burnett peanut growers. Silos were necessary to hold the nuts in dry storage, treat them if affected by damp, protect them from pests and allow controlled distribution so that the market was not flooded one year and short the next. Initially, the Peanut Board leased local barns and nuts were treated in the Railways Grain Shed in the Railway Yard at Kingaroy. Realising that more permanent arrangements were required it was decided to build a block of silos, complete with treatment plant and machinery. The Board imposed a levy of ¼ pence/pound on peanuts delivered to the Board to cover the cost. In order to build the silos the growers formed the Queensland Peanut Growers Cooperative Association Ltd. The Association issued shares to the growers in lieu of the levy received from the Board. In this way the growers themselves became the owners of any assets bought or built with the proceeds of their levy.</p><br>
<p>The Association was formed and registered under the Primary Producers&#39; Cooperative Associations Act 1923 to 1926. Between September 1926 and August 1928 land fronting Haly Street and the railway line to the south was acquired as a site for operations. Located near the commercial centre of the town and adjacent to the railway line, the future headquarters of the Peanut Board was well sited for loading and unloading of produce. Accordingly, a timber-framed and -clad silo (No. 1) was constructed in 1928 together with a long shed which housed machinery for cleaning, grading and shelling peanuts. A long shed built at the same time, called the "Dump", had a storage capacity of a further 1,200 tons.</p><br>
<p>The industry continued to develop steadily with regulation by government and growers alike. Lobbying of the State and Commonwealth governments by the Board resulted in embargoes against the importation of peanuts and supportive legislation. In August 1930 the Queensland Government issued an Order-in-Council constituting a Peanut Marketing Board for 10 years to control all sales of peanuts produced in Queensland. Marketing problems were overcome finally with the passing in 1939 of The Peanut Industry Protection and Preservation Act by the Queensland government which ensured that the Board held control over the planting, grading, treatment and marketing of peanuts in Queensland through the health provisions of the Federal Constitution.</p><br>
<p>Continued expansion of the peanut industry necessitated the building of additional storage space at Kingaroy. By 1937 the crop was in excess of 4000 tons and the chairman of the Board estimated that in the following year it would be around 7000 tons. This was an enormous increase from Australias peanut production in the early 1930s, which was 800 tons per year. In 1937 additional land bounding the Queensland Peanut Growers Cooperative Association Ltd&#39;s original purchases was acquired. Plans for the proposed set of modern concrete and brick silos were drawn in September 1937. A meeting of the Board and growers in the following month approved their construction. The silos, estimated to cost approximately £50,000, were to be ready for the next peanut crop. The engineers were Thomas Robinson & Son Consulting Engineers, Sydney in association with Macdonald Wagner consulting Engineers Sydney and Brisbane. They were built by Kell and Rigby, which also constructed the Kingaroy Shire Council Chambers, located opposite, at the same time. No 2 Silo consisted of 38 silo bins in total: 24 round bins each 20 ft diameter and 85 ft high (to top of the cone) plus 14 star shape bins being 75 ft high (to top of the cone). This silo was constructed and opened during 1938 at a cost of £57,750 of which £46,000 was advanced by the Commonwealth Bank under Queensland Government guarantee.</p><br>
<p>The Kingaroy Peanut Silos were officially opened on 1 December 1938 by the Minister for Agriculture and Stock, Frank Bulcock. After the ceremony at the silos, Bulcock officially opened the new Kingaroy Shire Council Chambers. Conducting both of these ceremonies on the same day symbolically expressed the Shire&#39;s confidence and its progress since formation, while acknowledging its dependence on agriculture to deliver its future prosperity.</p><br>
<p>The outbreak of war marked the beginning of a period of rapid development. The Commonwealth initially planned to commandeer the whole peanut crop for oil making purposes. However, as peanuts could be and were being imported in sufficient quantities for oil production, the Board challenged the acquisition order by recommending that Queensland peanuts be used mainly for edible purposes and only diverted to oil production should the need arise. This was accepted by the Australian Government and from 1943 until the end of the war the crop was sold by the Board under the control of the National Security Regulations.</p><br>
<p>By 1947 peanut production had reached a new peak with 1116 growers planting 52,000 acres which produced 23,164 tons of peanuts valued at £1,048 965 14s 7d. This rapid expansion of the peanut industry in the 1940s again created storage problems. To solve this, two new silos were planned. The first of these (No. 3 Silo) was completed late in 1948 at cost of between £100,000 and £110,000 and with a capacity of 5200 tons. It was built on lot 138 (3 roods 26 and 6/10 perches), which had been created from a road closure, the Deed of Grant for which was issued to the Queensland Peanut Growers&#39; Cooperative Association Ltd after it was acquired for £216 4s 8p on 6 August 1928.</p><br>
<p>The second block (No. 4 Silo) was completed by 1951 although its machinery was not installed until June that year. Its capacity was 2200 tons and its cost upon completion was approximately £54,000. The loan for the construction of both silos was guaranteed by the Queensland Government.</p><br>
<p>On 6 February 1951 fire destroyed No 1 Silo and the Dump, while No 2 Silo and No 4 Silo were damaged. No 2 Silo was repaired and the workhouse of No 4 Silo was repaired and re-equipped with treatment machinery. A bag shed and general purpose shed were later built on the site previously occupied by the Dump.</p><br>
<p>Between 1959 and 1980 Queensland produced almost the entire Australian peanut crop with the South Burnett producing just over half the State&#39;s production in 1979-80.</p><br>
<p>In 1992 major changes took place in the peanut industry. The marketing of peanuts in Queensland was de-regulated and the Peanut Marketing Board, which was a statutory marketing authority, was wound up on 27 May 1992. At that time the Board transferred all its assets, property and liabilities to the Queensland Peanut Growers&#39; Co-operative Association Ltd. The Peanut Marketing Board became PMB Australia Ltd and later, in 1997, became the Peanut Company of Australia (PCA).</p><br>
<p>Since then, the PCA has remained the leading supplier of peanuts in Australia, engaged in researching, growing, storing, processing, value-adding and marketing the product.</p><br>
<p>The Kingaroy Peanut Silos have been a long-standing symbol, not just of South Burnett and Kingaroy but also of the Queensland peanut industry. Images of the silos have been promulgated since as early as 1938 and remain an easily recognised image in Queensland.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The three free-standing silo structures known as Silos Nos 2, 3 and 4 stand prominently on Haly Street, Kingaroy, within the larger Peanut Company of Australia peanut processing plant which occupies a truncated rectangular block bounded by the streets Haly, Jarah and Alford Street East and the Kingaroy/Kilkivan railway line formation. The plant within the silo structures is not considered to be of cultural heritage significance. For effective operation of the silos this plant is replaced and upgraded from time to time.</p><br>
<p>Extending over eight levels (boot pit, six floors and a gallery), each silo structure consists of nests of storage bins to the north, an elevator tower to the south and accommodates plant associated with the receipt, sorting, feeding, storage and despatch of peanuts. Silo No. 2 incorporates a working house to the south of its elevator tower. Silos Nos 2 and 3 are linked by an overhead enclosed walkway at gallery level. This walkway accommodates a conveyor plant to transport peanuts between the two silos. Elevated loading/despatch platforms sheltered by suspended steel framed awnings stand to the base of the elevator towers to Silos Nos 3 and 4 and to the east and south sides of the working house to Silo No. 2. The railway tracks of the former siding run between Silos Nos 2 and 3 and are not considered to be of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<p>The white painted concrete and brick silo bins stand on a reinforced concrete floating slab and consist of round bins 20 ft in diameter and 85 ft to the top of the cone and interstitial star shape bins 75 ft to the top of the cone. Peanuts are dropped in from a conveyor belt at the gallery level and released from the hoppered base at the ground floor. Silo No. 2, with a capacity of 4372 tons (3966.21 tonnes), has 24 round and 14 star shape bins, Silo No. 3 has a capacity of 5200 tons (5283.44 tonnes) in 27 round and 16 star shape bins and number four has a capacity of 2200 tons (2235.3 tonnes) in 12 round and 6 star shape bins.</p><br>
<p>The bins in each silo are crowned by a steel-and timber-framed shed clad with metal sheeting and are distinguished by high narrow gabled ridge roofs. Each shed accommodates the gallery space which houses the conveyor belt and associated plant that drops the nuts into the storage bins. A timber-floored platform runs along each side of the conveyor and the space is lit by steel-framed windows to the east, west and north. Hoppers at the base of the bins empty onto conveyor belts that transport the peanuts for despatch.</p><br>
<p>The elevator towers are steel-and timber-framed, clad with metal sheeting and lit by steel-framed windows to each level. The towers accommodate flights of steel and concrete stairs and the elevator plant associated with hoisting the peanuts from the boot pit to the gallery conveyor belts.</p><br>
<p>The working house of Silo No. 2 is constructed of reinforced concrete, sheltered by a hipped roof clad with metal sheeting. Banks of steel-framed 12-light windows light each of the five levels. Square in plan, the working house accommodates plant, flights of steel and concrete stairs and a passenger lift with a handsome decorative metal door housed within a weatherboard clad lift shaft.</p><br>
<p>Many original steel-framed 12-light windows with a fixed louvre vent and a pivoting central section have been retained, notably in the working house and the elevator towers.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Kingaroy Peanut Silos was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 8 October 2010 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Kingaroy Peanut Silos are important in illustrating the large-scale development of the peanut industry in Queensland. Since the 1920s the South Burnett district has been the headquarters of the Queensland peanut industry, a major agricultural industry for the State.</p><br>
<p>These silos were built in 1938, 1948 and 1951 and reflect the constant growth of the peanut industry in that period.</p><br>
<p>The Kingaroy Peanut Silos are a striking physical manifestation of the Peanut Company of Australia and its precursor organisations, with the headquarters of the company located in Kingaroy, since 1927. These organisations have controlled and developed the peanut industry in Queensland and Australia since its inception.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The intactness, integrity and magnitude of the Kingaroy Peanut Silos, configured in cylindrical and star-shaped bins, and their proximity to the railway line make them an exceptional example of storage silos.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Standing tall above the Kingaroy skyline these 42 metre high silos dominate the townscape and the landscape of the South Burnett as a landmark visible from great distances. Lit by the rising and setting sun they glow dramatically at dawn and dusk transforming their appearance from functional structure to monumental sculpture.</p><br>
<p>Their recognition as an aesthetic landmark for the region is evidenced by the use of artistic images of the silos for tourism promotional purposes.</p><br>
<p>The Kingaroy Peanut Silos are important for their symbolic quality and aesthetic contribution to the South Burnett landscape. The silos are a long-standing and an easily recognised symbol of Kingaroy and have value to the people of south-east Queensland as a distinctive symbol of Kingaroy, the headquarters of the Australian peanut industry.</p><br>
<p>Kingaroy Butter Factory is a heritage-listed former butter factory at 67 William Street, Kingaroy, South Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Waugh and Josephson and built in 1926. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 9 November 2012.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Kingaroy Butter Factory, a large timber clad building located in William Street, Kingaroy was built by contractors Waugh and Josephson in 1926, replacing an earlier factory established in 1907, on behalf of the Maryborough Co-operative Dairy Company.</p><br>
<p>From the late 1800s, a number of critical factors enabled the expansion of the dairy industry into one of Queenslands principal primary industries by the interwar period. These included: government resumption and repurchase of land from pastoralists for the purpose of agricultural selection; the introduction of mechanical cream separators in the 1880s; Babcock testing to accurately measure cream content in milk; The Meat and Dairy Encouragement Act 1893 which made provision for government loans to construct butter and cheese factories; and the Department of Agriculture and Stocks use of a "Travelling Dairy" to demonstrate techniques and equipment to potential dairy farmers throughout Queensland. This period also saw the introduction of sown pastures such as paspalum and Rhodes grass and the cultivation of fodder, to improve milk yields and to provide adequate feed during the less productive months of winter.</p><br>
<p>Effective transport infrastructure was essential for dairy products to reach their desired markets. The extension of Queenslands rural railway network enabled more efficient transportation of dairy produce, facilitating the establishment of local butter and cheese factories in close proximity to railway lines. The first shipment of butter to Britain occurred in 1895 and from 1903 government subsidisation of a fortnightly shipping service to the United Kingdom improved Queenslands butter exporting capabilities.</p><br>
<p>The arrival of the Kilkivan branch railway to the "56 mile peg" in 1904 was the impetus for the establishment of the township of Kingaroy and a catalyst for the rapid expansion of dairying in the surrounding district, then an emerging but relatively small scale industry in the South Burnett. Within two years of opening, Kingaroy railway station was sending 10 tons of cream weekly to Maryborough, while some farmers were also sending cream to Nanango.</p><br>
<p>By the early 1900s, co-operatives, where groups of local producers banded together to establish factories, were becoming the dominant form of ownership of cheese and butter factories, a pattern that defined the Queensland dairy industry for much of the 20th century. The Maryborough Co-operative Dairy Company (MCDC) was producing butter and ice at its Maryborough factory from February 1901, with the decision to form a co-operative made in 1898. During 1905, a group of local Kingaroy dairy farmers met with directors of the MCDC and lobbied for the establishment of a branch factory at Kingaroy. The directors of the company entered into agreement to build a factory in early 1906, with 1525 shares in the company allocated to dairy farmers and other shareholders from the Kingaroy district. Company representatives selected a site in June of that year along the railway line on the northern outskirts of Kingaroy. The owner of the property, Tom Reen, donated one acre for the factory site, with the company purchasing another nineteen acres at £10 per acre. By October construction had begun on the building, a railway siding and a 12,000 gallon well, with the factory producing butter by March 1907.</p><br>
<p>The Kingaroy Butter Factory soon became an essential component of MCDCs operations, reflecting the suitability and productivity of the South Burnett district for dairying. The 1913 half yearly report of the MCDC noted 465,887 lbs (211,766.8 kg) of butter had been produced at Kingaroy in the first half of the year, almost twice as much as at Maryborough and nearly 100,000 lbs more than at Biggenden (built by the MCDC in 1911). The MCDC also opened factories in Mundubbera (1916) and Wondai (1931). Throughout its history, the Kingaroy Butter Factory was the largest producer of the MCDCs five factories. By 1929, the Wide Bay district, in which the South Burnett was included, was second only to the Moreton district in Queensland milk production.</p><br>
<p>In May 1925 the directors of the MCDC visited Kingaroy to announce plans to construct a new factory building with modern machinery. At an estimated cost of £18,000-£20,000, sourced from butter profits, local shareholders expressed their dissatisfaction with this arrangement, as the decision had been made without their consultation. The company directors argued that the new factory would increase productivity and increase returns to suppliers. While some shareholders voiced intentions of separating from the company prior to, and following the announcement of the new factory, this ultimately did not occur and the building proceeded.</p><br>
<p>The building was constructed by Brisbane contractors Waugh and Josephson, with the final cost of £47,000 more than doubling the original estimate. The construction of the building was not put out to tender and a later inquiry into secret commissions in the dairy industry implicated former Maryborough Co-operative Dairy Company Director WA Shultz in receiving payments from Waugh and Josephson for the award of the contract.</p><br>
<p>The new factory was officially opened 7 October 1926 by William Forgan Smith, Minister for Agriculture and Stock. The factory was opened for inspection and a marquee was erected on the factory grounds, with a large crowd in attendance.</p><br>
<p>The building of the new Kingaroy factory occurred during a period of modernisation for butter manufacturers. By the end of the 1920s, most Queensland butter factories had been remodelled or were new buildings of brick and concrete, replacing earlier timber structures. The emphasis on producing high grade butter saw the need for more churns within factories to maintain outputs, as the lower temperatures required meant churns were turning longer than previously. In addition to upgrading buildings and equipment, greater attention was paid to ensuring butter was of a high standard, through stricter grading and by employing processes of pasteurisation and neutralisation. Increasing numbers of trained staff were working in factories.</p><br>
<p>The manufacture of butter followed a fairly typical process at factories throughout Queensland. Once cream cans were received at a loading dock and weighed, the cream was tested to determine its grading (choice, 2nd or 3rd), before the cans were emptied into vats and cleaned for return to the supplier. The cream was then pasteurised, cooled and pumped to storage vats, before being sent to the churns. The resulting butter was refrigerated, parcelled into butter boxes and forwarded by rail for export or distribution into local markets.</p><br>
<p>In order to preserve butter during storage and transportation, the production of ice was a necessary component of operations. This process occurred at Kingaroy in a small timber building adjacent to the main building. In addition to the factory&#39;s needs, ice was also sold for other commercial and domestic uses.</p><br>
<p>In the years following the construction of the new factory, butter production increased markedly, from 50 tons per week during 1926-1927, to 98 tons per week during 1928-1929. The factory reached its peak weekly production of 99 tons and 12cwt during 1929-1930, then a record for Queensland butter production. In 1931, it was Queenslands largest butter factory in terms of production, a time when close to 1000 suppliers were selling cream to the factory. In 1932-33, Kingaroy exported a higher average grade of butter than any other Queensland factory. Throughout the 1930s, the factory won numerous awards in Australia and England for the quality of its butter. During 1938-9, a record year, almost a third of all Queenslands butter was produced in the Wide Bay-Burnett, with Kingaroy the fifth largest producer in the state.</p><br>
<p>In the 1930s Kingaroy Shire had a burgeoning peanut industry and was a well established centre for maize production, but it was dairying that was the principal primary industry. As a measure of the industry&#39;s growth, the payment to Kingaroy factory suppliers in its first full financial year was £5723. By 1934 this had grown to £157,785. At the end of 1933, cream suppliers to the factory were being paid eight pence per pound for first grade cream, seven pence for second grade.</p><br>
<p>The interwar period saw the dairy industry expand greatly in Queensland. Between 1927 and 1937 the total number of dairy cattle rose by 50%. By the 1930s, dairying was Queenslands most widely spread agricultural industry and the states second most profitable export industry from 1936 to 1941, accounting for 20% of primary production. By the late 1930s, around one in eight Queenslanders were living on dairy farms. In 1938 there were five co-operative butter factories in the South Burnett: located at Nanango, Kingaroy, Murgon, Wondai and Proston. While butter factories enabled the production and export of dairy products, numerous small farms reliant on family labour to milk herds twice daily for generally modest returns, were the backbone of the industry.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, butter factories throughout Queensland were engaged in the production of cheese. The Kingaroy, Nanango and Murgon factories all produced cheese during this period. Varying sources give the commencement date for production of cheese at Kingaroy as 1941 or 1942, ending in 1946. Between March 1942 and November 1944, 1.135 million pounds of cheese was produced. An annexe was built to the rear of the main building, containing two rooms; the larger for production and the lesser for maturation and storage, with walls lined with hoop pine timber, infilled with sawdust for temperature control. After cheese production ceased the annexe was used to produce buttermilk powder.</p><br>
<p>By 1950 the farms of the South Burnett were stocked with 130,000 dairy cows, ten percent of the Queensland total. The Kingaroy Butter Factory maintained an average production of 75 tons of butter per week until the early 1950s. Factory improvements in this period included the purchase of a new butter wrapping machine for £2000 in 1950, and the installation of stainless steel equipment for treating cream in 1956. Such improvements, however, were not enough to protect the factory from the beginnings of a wider decline of Queensland&#39;s dairy industry, as demand and prices for butter began to drop. The downturn worsened in the 1960s, with a reduction in cream suppliers diminishing output. The transition towards the production of milk rather than cream, requiring larger herds and new equipment, saw many smaller scale farmers leaving the industry. In Kingaroy Shire cream suppliers fell dramatically, from 265 in 1965 to 155 in 1969. Correspondingly, between 1960 and 1968 the number of dairy cows in the Shire fell from 23,885 to 12,225. Export opportunities also became restricted, culminating with the end of preferential trade agreements with Britain following its entry into the European Common Market in 1973.</p><br>
<p>The late 1960s saw the beginning of closures of butter factories in the Burnett region. The Proston Butter Factory, a branch of the South Burnett Dairy Co., closed in 1967. The Maryborough Co-operative Dairy Company closed their branch factories at Wondai and Biggenden in February 1969. By 1976 dairy farmers in the South Burnett numbered under 400 and of these, 211 were bulk milk suppliers. The average age of a dairyman was 55 and two dairy producers were leaving the industry per week.</p><br>
<p>While Kingaroys supply benefited in the short term from Wondais closure, ultimately it was not enough to sustain the business. In May 1977 it was announced that both Nanango and the Kingaroy butter factories would close and that all cream supplies would be diverted to Murgon. With a large number of suppliers leaving the industry, and manufacturing and other costs dramatically increasing, it was no longer economically viable for the factories to stay open. By the time of Kingaroy Butter Factory&#39;s closure, there were only 38 suppliers and only one and a half tonnes of butter produced a week, a far cry from its interwar heyday.</p><br>
<p>For a time after closing, the factory operated as a milk collection point for the Maryborough Co-operative Dairy Association. In 1989 the market milk operations and the factory was sold to Suncoast Milk, a subsidiary of Queensland United Foods. For a period during the 1980s a rear section of the building leased by Kidds Cabinet Makers. From November 1986, Graham Helmhold began leasing the front of the building for the operations of his company Proteco, one of Australias major cold pressed oil processors. Proteco purchased the property in 1995. This business has since changed ownership. From 2002-2009, dairy processing returned to the site, with Kingaroy Cheese using part of the main building for cheese making. This business has since relocated to Brisbane. A peanut roasting company now uses the space vacated by Kingaroy Cheese. The site is not open to the public. As of 2014, Proteco Oils has full ownership of the site and operates it offices, reception and factory outlet/sales of their oils from the old Manager&#39;s Building at the front of the site.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Kingaroy Butter Factory complex stands at the northern end of William Street, Kingaroy north west of the CBD of Kingaroy and adjacent to the formation of the Kilkivan/Kingaroy railway line. The complex comprises the main butter factory shed, 1940s cheese factory, ice works shed, former office, amenities and cold stores shed, modern cheese making facility and a number of other sheds and structures.</p><br>
<p>An early engine (maker&#39;s plate LG Terne Engineers of Glasgow) stands near the front gate and the entrance forecourt accommodates carparking. The site works off a road running centrally through the complex with an ancillary road to the west side. The roads and carpark are bitumened and concrete drains and edges run along the spine road.</p><br>
<p>The significant structures are the Main butter factory shed, 1940s cheese factory (east and west sheds), ice works shed and former office, which are described individually below.</p><br>
<h3>Main butter factory shed</h3><br>
<p>The main building is a rectangular timber framed and chamferboard clad building with a slab on ground concrete floor throughout. The timber frame stands on a low concrete upstand that runs around the perimeter of the shed. A moulded timber cornice runs around the parapet that screens the sawtooth roofs behind. The sawtooth roofs are clad with corrugated metal sheeting and have south facing clerestory windows; most are glazed, some house fixed timber louvres or are clad with corrugated metal sheeting. An additional narrow rectangular raised gable roof with glazed windows to the east and west sits over part of the centre of the shed.</p><br>
<p>The south, east and west elevations are notable for full height pilasters marking out bays which to the southern part of the building are punctuated by smaller pilasters which terminated in a lower cornice that is now removed. The smaller pilasters define the loading dock openings - three to the west, five to the south and six to the east. A continuous concrete ledge projects around the southern third of the building below the dock openings. Eleven original large timber braced-and-ledged vertical sliding doors remain to these openings providing access to the dock within. Rainwater heads and downpipes run down these elevations.</p><br>
<p>The south elevation is distinguished by four sets of timber framed upper windows with glazed and fixed timber louvres to the upper face. The west elevation is punctuated by a number of openings including timber framed casement windows to the mezzanine office. Reflecting the receipt/despatch activities of the factory processing, the east elevation accommodates a number of hatch openings at various points along the length of the building. A number are now boarded over. Hooded exhaust vents protrude along the northern end of the elevation. The blank north elevation is clad with horizontal chamferboards and metal sheeting.</p><br>
<p>The building accommodates substantially intact functional spaces reflecting the various stages in the handling and processing of milk products including engine, plant and machinery rooms, testing rooms, chill rooms, cold stores, salt room, packing rooms, cream platform, churn room, main room, receiving and despatch docks and a mezzanine office.</p><br>
<p>Throughout the main building linings generally are vertical or horizontal tongue and groove boarding or fibrous cement sheeting with cover strips. The roof is generally framed with timber trusses supported on corbelled timber posts.</p><br>
<p>The southern end accommodates the receiving and despatch docks, main room, cream platform, churn room, chill and cold rooms, salt room, packing rooms, testing rooms and the office mezzanine. Concrete platforms, approximately 700mm above the level of the main room, run along the east, south and west sides and form the receiving and despatch docks. These docks service the former railway siding to the east and vehicle loading area to the south and west. The deck of the cream platform is formed by the concrete ceilings of the chill and cold stores, salt room, packing and other rooms below. A fibrous cement sheeted partition runs part the way down the west side and stout timber posts continue around the perimeter. The posts to the west side carry large metal brackets that supported the pulleys and belts once associated with the motors for the churns which stood on the floor below. The main room now accommodates machinery and equipment for the current oil pressing business. The chill/cold stores, salt room and packing rooms retain original features including hatches, doors and doorways, concrete upstands and floor drains.</p><br>
<p>The office mezzanine, supported by the structure of the storage spaces below, is timber framed and partly screened by partitions clad with vertical tongue and groove boards. The ceiling to the southern end is lined with fibrous cement sheeting ceilings and accommodates lattice ventilation screens to the cream platform.</p><br>
<p>The northern end, formerly accommodating engine, plant and machinery areas, has exposed roof framing (some unpainted) and horizontal unpainted chamferboard linings to the interior walls. Some spaces are lined with insulation panels, have new fittings and there is new concrete screed to some floors. Some floors show evidence of tracks and plant and machinery fixings.</p><br>
<h3>1940s cheese factory</h3><br>
<p>The 1940s cheese factory stands to the northern end of the site and consists of two sheds each clad with fibrous cement sheeting and sheltered by gabled roofs clad with corrugated metal sheeting. Three circular roof vents project from the west shed and two inverted tubular exhaust vents protrude from the east. The west shed and the southern third of the east shed have a painted perimeter concrete upstand, approximately 450mm high. Both sheds have fixed timber louvre vents to the north and south gable ends.</p><br>
<h3>West cheese factory shed</h3><br>
<p>Lettering, The Cheese Factory 1941-1946, is painted to the upper part of the south elevation of the west shed. A slab on ground concrete floor runs throughout with an elevated concrete dock to the south end. Sash windows punctuate the east, west and north sides and a horizontal sliding braced and ledged timber door opens from the south dock. Horizontal sliding metal doors open to the west and north. The interior has exposed painted timber roof trusses. The ceiling and upper walls are unlined and the lower walls are lined with fibrous cement sheeting with cover strips over the joins. A narrow band of wire mesh runs along the upper west and part of the east walls. Approximately mid-way along the east wall, a solid timber framed and lined door with a robust handle and latch provides access between the two sheds.</p><br>
<h3>East cheese factory shed</h3><br>
<p>This is the smaller of the two sheds, the southern third has a slab on ground floor and the rest of the shed stands on low timber stumps and is accessed by a recent ramp to the north side. The cavities in the walls are filled with sawdust for insulation. The east elevation is distinguished by three mid-height small square windows; and a low hooded hatch and a horizontal sliding metal door at the south end. The shed has a suspended timber floor and dark honey-coloured horizontal unpainted pine lining to the interior walls on which lighter shadows reveal the locations of vertical supports for the storage shelfing that once lined the room. A solid timber framed and lined door with a robust handle provides access to the south end of the shed. A concrete drain runs along the east side of the shed.</p><br>
<h3>Ice works shed</h3><br>
<p>Standing to the middle of the site, the former ice works shed is a small rectangular structure with a painted perimeter concrete upstand, timber framed walls clad with chamferboards and is sheltered by a gable roof clad with corrugated metal sheeting. A timber door and a set of timber framed casement windows are accommodated to the west elevation, there are doorways to the middle of the east and south elevations and the shed butts against the new cheese making facility to the north. The interior has a concrete tank to the west and an elevated concrete dock to the east side. Equipment and machinery associated with the ice works remains in the shed including the ice block moulds.</p><br>
<h3>Former office</h3><br>
<p>A small square timber framed building standing on low timber stumps, clad with timber weatherboards and fibrous cement sheeting and sheltered by a hipped tiled roof, the former office building stands to the south of the complex. Notable features include the front porch entrance and cantilevered timber framed window hoods.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Kingaroy Butter Factory was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 9 November 2012 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Kingaroy Butter Factory (1926) is important in demonstrating the growth of the dairy industry in the Wide Bay-Burnett, one of Queenslands most important dairy producing regions during the twentieth century. Replacing an earlier factory built in 1907, the Kingaroy Butter factory was among Queenslands largest and most awarded butter producers during the dairying boom of the interwar period.</p><br>
<p>The former Kingaroy Butter Factory illustrates the evolution of Queensland&#39;s dairy industry during the interwar period, when most butter factories were remodelled or rebuilt in response to a rapid expansion of cream production and the need to adopt modern manufacturing processes.</p><br>
<p>The cheese making annexe (1941) is important in demonstrating the accelerated programme of cheese production that occurred in Queensland during World War II.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The former Kingaroy Butter Factory complex is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics and processes of a butter factory, a significant type of industrial activity in Queenslands history. The place is situated adjacent to a railway line, formerly served by a siding to enable transportation of its products. The intact internal arrangement of the main factory building incorporates a loading dock, storage platform, testing, churn, cold storage and packing areas, original mezzanine office and the provision of rear space for the factorys plant. Adjacent associated buildings, including the cheese annexe (1941), office and ice manufacturing shed, illustrate activities interconnected with the production of butter on the site.</p><br>
<p>Klondyke Coke Ovens are heritage-listed beehive ovens at Parker Lane, Brassall, Queensland, Australia.It is also known as Klondyke Beehive Coke Ovens and Klondyke Coking Ovens. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 3 December 2007.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Klondyke Coke Ovens were part of the Klondyke Colliery located at North Ipswich and were built in the 1940s. Coke production at Klondyke originally commenced in the 1880s. The site had two widely separated periods of coke production and several changes of ownership and names. Its last change of ownership and name occurred in 1948 when the pit had only a small area left to be worked and production ceased in the early 1950s. The site has been lying unused for many years and the coke ovens are overgrown with vegetation.</p><br>
<p>The discovery of coal in Queensland dates from 1825 when outcrops were observed by Major Edmund Lockyer on the banks of the upper Brisbane River. Two years later, when Ipswich was settled as a convict outstation, known as Limestone, the presence of coal was noted between the convict settlement and Brisbane by Captain Patrick Logan. The following year, explorer Allan Cunningham also marked several outcrops on the Bremer River on his survey map for Governor Ralph Darling.</p><br>
<p>Coal was one of the first minerals in Queensland to be commercially mined. Mining originally commenced at Goodna in 1843 with the West Moreton Coalfield at Ipswich following in the early 1850s. Development of the coal mining industry in Queensland was slow and the quality could not match the quality of coal being produced at Newcastle for use by coastal steamers. However, as coal was required for transport and industrial use, there was remarkable growth of mining to the north and east of the town from the mid-1870s onwards. A symbiotic relationship developed between Queensland Government Railways and the coal industry. Queensland Railways was the coal industry&#39;s largest customer since coal supplies were essential to the functioning of the rail network. At the same time rail transport was essential to the viability of coalmines as a coal mine could not survive commercially unless it was directly linked to the rail network. Therefore, in Queensland, development of the coal industry was closely linked to the growth of the rail network.</p><br>
<p>A by-product of coal mining was the production of coke. The production of coke was usually regarded as a somewhat unimportant side industry to the actual mining of coal. Unlike coal mining, it was not regulated by legislation and as such no systematic records were kept of the early coke production industry in Queensland. Coke is used as both a fuel and as a reducing agent in smelting iron ore and is produced from baking bituminous coal in ovens at temperatures as high as 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit. The coke ovens erected on the West Moreton Coalfield were exclusively of the beehive type, so called because of their domed appearance. Beehive coke ovens consisted of a brick dome with a small circular opening (an exit flue) at the apex, and a larger arched opening at one side to permit charging and drawing. They were usually constructed in double rows known as batteries. The space between ovens was usually filled with rubble and earth to provide insulation and the whole battery surrounded by a stone retaining wall to resist the outward thrust of the brick domes. The Klondyke ovens had a capacity of four to five tons.</p><br>
<p>Coke ovens were charged and emptied in a set pattern. Coal was shovelled into an empty oven to a height of approximately 0.6 metres and ignited. The door was bricked up or closed with an iron plate and plastered with a small hole left for the temporary admission of air. The upper layer of the coal burnt and initiated the distillation of volatile material from the ovens as they met the air supply drawn in through the top of the charging door. The dome was heated to a high temperature and assisted in carbonizing the charge by radiating its heat to the coal. The operation of the distillation and immediate combustion proceeded until the whole of the volatile matter in the coal had been evolved, which took about three days. The coke was then cooled by inserting a water sprinkler through the air hole in the door and was withdrawn manually with rakes. Almost two tonnes of coal was required to produce one tonne of coke.</p><br>
<p>Using beehive coke ovens for coke production was a common practice for many years. However, advances in coke production technology meant beehive coke ovens technology was outdated by the early 1900s. Despite this, beehive coke ovens continued to be built in the Ipswich coal fields well into the mid twentieth century. There are a number of possible reasons as to why this may have been the case. The more advanced technology enabled the use of coke production by-products but was a more expensive production option. It is possible that the simpler and more economical technology of the beehive style oven was sufficient for production needs on the Ipswich fields. The material and labour shortages bought about by the Second World War may also have been another factor in choosing to remain with beehive technology, they were cheap to build, bricks could be obtained to construct them and they did not require a large labour force to work them. A third possibility is that the coal pit did not have a long enough supply of coal left in it to warrant investing in expensive coke production methods.</p><br>
<p>The Klondyke Colliery was one of a number of collieries within the West Moreton Coalfield at Ipswich and was one of the longest running. Originally part of the Chuwar field, the first mine on the site, in 1871, was known as Eastwood mine after its owner, John Eastwood. The Eastwood mine was worked until 1877 and then, due to the owner&#39;s interest in other mines, laid idle for several years until it was sold to Brydon, Jones & Company in 1884, who renamed the site Mihi mine after the nearby Mihi Creek. It was at this time that the first battery of coke ovens were constructed on what would become the Klondyke Colliery site. The battery was built on the hillside above Mihi Creek and remained in use until 1891 when attention was diverted a new coal development. It was 1908 before the site was mined again, this time by Paul Francis. In 1923 Francis sold the site to a partnership of miners and a barrister who created and floated the company, Klondyke Collieries Limited.</p><br>
<p>As Klondyke Collieries Limited, coke production at the site flourished. Although it is not known exactly when coke production recommenced at the site, records state in 1942 several new coke ovens were constructed at Klondyke to meet the increased demand for coke for smelting purposes. Records show in 1945 and 1946, Klondyke and Bowen in northern Queensland were the only coke producers in Queensland with Klondyke turning out approximately a sixth of Queenslands coke production. In 1948 the site changed hands again and was renamed Moreton colliery and worked until the early 1950s which was when the pits supply was exhausted. After the closure of the site, coke production was taken over by the nearby Haighmoor site which remained in production for a further 15 years as Queensland&#39;s only cokeworks other than Bowen.</p><br>
<p>The bricks used to construct the ovens are imprinted with a trademark "R" and appear to have come from the local brickworks, Rylance Colliery. Rylance Colliery was established in the 1880s and in 1931 expanded to include a brickworks. The company was sold in 1985 and is now known as Claypave.</p><br>
<p>The land the ovens stand on is now owned by the Department of Natural Resources and Mines. Since production at Klondyke ceased in the early 1950s, the ovens have fallen into a state of disrepair, becoming overgrown with vegetation and subject to vandalism.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Klondyke Coke Ovens are located at North Ipswich. Access is most easily gained via the corner of W.M. Hughes and Musgrave Streets, walking down the hill and then following the pathway around to the right for approximately 200 metres. The path splits in two, with the left (upper) fork going to the ovens and the right (lower) fork going past the brick retaining wall.</p><br>
<p>The ovens are built into the hillside above Mihi Creek and north of the nearby North Ipswich Railway Workshop area. The ovens form a large earthen covered mound of approximately 23 metres in length, 6 metres in width and 2 to 3 metres in height. The mound is heavily covered with vegetation and leaf litter. It is difficult to identify from a distance and the ovens are not visible until in close proximity.</p><br>
<p>There are twelve ovens arranged in two rows, six ovens in each row back to back. They have a domed shaped appearance. They are 3.45 metres in diameter and 1.65 metres in height. The ovens are constructed of brick and have individual flues. They exhibit various degrees of collapse with two ovens being completely caved in. The ovens have been subject to vandalism such as removal of bricks to form fireplaces and graffiti is evident.</p><br>
<p>The rubble used to fill between the ovens is visible in some sections and consists of a combination of bricks and various sized rocks.</p><br>
<p>On the downslope side, towards Mihi Creek, a brick wall of approximately 5 metres in length and between 2 and 3 metres in height, marks a drop from the mound containing the ovens down to a levelled area. The wall has been subjected to heavy graffiti.</p><br>
<p>Brick debris, coal and coke is strewn around the site as are metal remnants of machinery such as skips, railway lines, crushing machinery, trammel screens, conveyor buckets and trolley parts.</p><br>
<p>Bricks used to construct the ovens are imprinted with a large "R" in the centre of the otherwise flat, face of the brick.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Klondyke Coke Ovens was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 3 December 2007 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Klondyke Coke Ovens are a good representation of the coke production industry in Queensland. They were one of only two collieries producing coke in Queensland during the 1940s. They are important in demonstrating the development of Queenslands coal mining industry and its role in the evolution of Queenslands history.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The relatively intact Klondyke Coke Ovens represent a process of coke manufacture in Queensland that was once common but has since been superseded by new technology and is now uncommon.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>As an industrial archaeological site and a relatively intact example of its type, the Klondyke Coke Ovens have the potential to yield information that will contribute to a greater understanding of Queensland&#39;s industrial history and will aid in comparative analysis of similar places.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Klondyke Coke Ovens are typical, in scale and type, of coking ovens that were common in the 19th century to the mid 20th century. They exhibit the principal characteristics of beehive coke ovens being dome shaped with individual flues and built in a row in a back-to-back pattern.</p><br>
<p>Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company mill is a heritage-listed mill at 42 & 42B The Terrace, North Ipswich, City of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. It is also known as Australian Fabric Manufacturers Ltd and Boral Hancock Plywood. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 19 September 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company is situated in North Ipswich on level land overlooking the Bremer River. It was established in 1875 and the factory was the first woollen manufacturing plant in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Ipswich commenced as a convict outstation known as "Limestone" in 1827. After free settlement began in 1842, the township developed as an important commercial centre because of its location at the head of navigation of the Brisbane and Bremer Rivers and at the junction of routes to the Brisbane Valley and the Darling Downs. Goods from these regions were channelled through Ipswich en route to the coast and this trade contributed significantly to Ipswichs rapid growth and prosperity. By 1875 an efficient railway had been constructed in Ipswich, increasing Ipswichs value as a commercial centre in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>In 1875 The Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company established a woollen mill in Ipswich due to the existence of an efficient wool delivery system. The company bought 7.25 acres and 17 perches of land at the bend of the north bank of the Bremer River. The position of the mill was imperative to its future success; the mill was built meters from "The Basin" on the Bremer River. "The Basin" is a man made bight in the Bremer River to allow large ships to turn around. This facilitated the loading and unloading process of shipped goods. Being situated beside the river, the mill had a reliable water source for its steam engines. The railway was also close by.</p><br>
<p>The timber factory was built and production of woollen tweed commenced in 1877. To highlight the importance of the mill for Queensland at that time the factory was officially opened in 1877 by the Governor of Queensland, Sir Arthur Kennedy.</p><br>
<p>Queensland&#39;s manufacturing and industrial base was expanding at this time; the woollen industry was at the forefront of this. The pastoral sector of the industry was succeeding and more and more land in Australia was opened up and utilised by sheep graziers. Larger numbers of sheep were grazing, successful breeding programs were ensuring better quality wool, and ovine diseases were being eradicated due to strict quarantine measures and improved veterinarian and environmental knowledge by farmers.</p><br>
<p>The establishment of the woollen mill in Ipswich provided a centrally located processing plant for the raw wool produced on the Darling Downs. Prior to the building of the woollen mill the raw wool was sent for processing to Melbourne, Sydney or Adelaide (all of which already had well established wool processing plants), but this was costly and inefficient. The Ipswich mill allowed raw wool to be processed locally, benefiting the Darling Downs&#39; sheep graziers. It was also an important indicator that the Queensland economy was developing beyond the supply of raw materials, and vertical integration was occurring, in this case for the sheep industry.</p><br>
<p>In an effort to encourage successful industry in Queensland, the Government offered the Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company a bonus of £1,000 for the first 1,000 yards of cloth produced. The mill initially produced only unfinished cloth, this, however, changed as a lack of demand for unfinished cloth forced the company into establishing its own clothing works.</p><br>
<p>The Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company produced good quality wool products. Tweeds, flannels, worsteds, blankets, rugs, and apparel were the advertised products of the factory. In an advertisement in the Queensland Times from 1879, the directors of the company advertised the purity of their cloths, "they are manufactured from Queensland Merino Wool. Free from shoddy mixtures of cloths gathered from prisons, hospitals, lunatic and other asylums". Many woollen manufacturers in this period followed a practice known as using "shoddy". This entailed pulling apart and recycling discarded woollen products such as knitted goods which would then by woven with newly spun wool. There was demand for this product as it was inexpensive, but The Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company did not want to be associated with such a means of woollen production, as their advertisement suggests.</p><br>
<p>In 1881 additions were made to the mill. These were designed by influential Ipswich architect and businessman, Samuel Shenton, who was at the time a director of the mill - a position he held for many years (1875 to 1891). He was also Ipswich mayor for several years (1871, 1872 and 1889). It was not only Shenton who was involved with the mill, as other prominent business and political leaders in Ipswich played a large role in the direction of the mill including several Ipswich mayors. The Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company was regarded by many of the most prominent members of Ipswich as an important industry to be associated with, as well as a sound financial investment.</p><br>
<p>By 1887 The Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company was mentioned in the official Tender for Public Service to the Queensland Government. An entry in the Queensland Government Gazette dated 20 January 1887, stated the supply of serge, tweed, blankets and rugs was to be supplied by The Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company at an annual fee of £600 for the requested amount of goods. In a subsequent letter from the mill&#39;s management to the Government it was stated the products that the Government would receive from the mill would be of a far higher quality than those that they received previously from other manufacturers. This may be a reflection on the poor quality of wool products available to many Queenslanders prior to the establishment of The Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company.</p><br>
<p>In 1890, the wooden factory was replaced by spacious brick and iron buildings. These buildings were designed by eminent Ipswich architect, George Brockwell Gill. Gill designed many of the grand residences and public buildings in Ipswich from the 1880s to the 1930s. Some of his works include Ipswich Girls Grammar School, "Brynhyfryd" for Lewis Thomas, St Pauls Rectory, Ipswich Club House, the Ipswich Technical College, and supervision of the construction of the Walter Burley Griffin Incinerator in 1936.</p><br>
<p>The newly built brick factory was a very large addition to the North Ipswich landscape. In early photographs the mill dominates The Terrace beside the Bremer River. The high west wall was built with arched, light brick "built in" window facades that ran down the length of the side of the building to create an attractive feature in the brick work. A tall, brick, industrial chimney rose from the south east corner of the mill. Within the tall walls various types of industrial equipment processed the wool. The mill was designed to admit maximum possible daylight and ventilation inside the building, before the use of electric light. To do this, large panelled windows were included within the vertical segment of the sawtooth roof. Along the east, west and south walls large windows were built in.</p><br>
<p>Within the woollen mill buildings the wool was cleaned, spun, and woven on large industrial machines into various forms of cloth. Much of this was then manufactured as garments such as shirts, trousers and suits. Unfinished fabric was also sold. These machines were steam driven. The mill had its own steam engines and boiler for power generation. The steam engine was located beside the large brick chimney in the south east corner of the mill. The machines were secured to great wooden supporting beams that ran below the ceiling.</p><br>
<p>The wool processing within the mill consisted of various stages: sorting and grading, scouring, drying and dying, carding, combing, spinning, weaving, brushing, and sewing. Each stage was carried out in a separate area of the mill, with each process flowing onto the next in a hierarchical structure; this was a design feature to facilitate efficiency in the mill. In the two smaller south rooms the wool was sorted and graded to determine how it would be processed; the scouring vats were located in the south west room, and here the wool was cleaned of impurities and steam dried and dyed if required. The remainder of the process was carried out in the main area of the mill. The mill contained ten carding machines; these large machines broke up the wool and removed impurities. The combing process further organised the woollen fibres. The largest machines in the mill were the spinning mules on which the wool was spun. The wool was then woven into fabrics on the weaving looms. The woven fabric then went through shaving machines to give the cloth a fine finish. Finally, the fabric would be sewn into various products.</p><br>
<p>By the end of the nineteenth century Ipswich was experiencing a boom in industry, employment, and wealth. Major manufacturing and industrial plants such as the North Ipswich Railway Workshops), coal mines, Australias first cotton mill, and Ipswich Town Wharves were major contributors to this success. By 1891 Ipswichs population had reached 13,059, making it the fourth largest town in Queensland at that time.</p><br>
<p>Whilst most industry in Ipswich provided employment opportunities for the adult males, the cloth industry employed hundreds of women. The largest single employer of female labour in Ipswich was The Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company; in 1891 the firm employed 152 women of a total of 226 employees.</p><br>
<p>Those living in Ipswich at this time patronised local industry; the flannel made by The Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company was a favourite cloth used by the women for making work clothes for men. The garments made within the mill were also popular with the industrial workers and miners in Ipswich. Known as "Ipswich Grey Flannels", these were woollen shirts and a standard item of dress for Ipswich men. The woollen mill held a contract with Queensland Railways for the supply of serge for their employee uniforms, as well as with the Queensland Police for the manufacture of serge uniforms.</p><br>
<p>The Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company played an important role in the war effort during the First World War. Many of the industries in Ipswich suffered during the war due to reduced numbers of employees and minimised profits, but the Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company was an exception; the high number of female employees ensured minimal staff reductions caused by the war. The factory was extremely busy throughout the war making army blankets and cloth for military uniforms.</p><br>
<p>By 1919, as a reflection of the success of the woollen mill in North Ipswich, it was the very first factory to have electric light installed. This meant that the mill could remain productive for longer each day, thus increasing productivity and ultimate profits, as well as benefiting the employees. 80% of the mills products were sold in Queensland. The flannels and blankets, named Ipswich Flannel and Poinsettia Blankets, were renowned throughout Australia for their high quality.</p><br>
<p>During the 1930s Depression the woollen mill was still in production, acting as an important employer at a time of extreme unemployment throughout much of the world. A reflection of this can be seen in an advertisement in The Queensland Times from 1935 when Australia was still feeling the effects of financial recession. The advertisement claimed the Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company was tripling its output; the directors had decided to sell the garments at a lower price for the benefit of the consumer. Special lines included coat and trousers, and full suits, worsted suits, either custom made or ready made. It was claimed the customer was purchasing "Pure Wool and No Rubbish". Statistics reveal the cloth and clothing manufacturing industry in Queensland actually increased its employment numbers over the Depression years rather than being forced to decrease them as so many other industries had to do.</p><br>
<p>The Second World War saw the woollen mill playing a similar role to that of the First, making blankets and cloth for the armed services. During the war years the Federal Government declared dismissals forbidden from vital or "protected industries" such as the cloth manufacturing industry; prices and wages were pegged. For the workers this was a favourable climate to demand improvements. A larger number of females were employed in the mill during the war due to decreased male employment.</p><br>
<p>Ipswich was an important centre for the union movement in this period, especially in the several textile mills scattered in the area. The Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company was involved in this movement. In 1942 employee displeasure brimmed over into a major worker&#39;s strike in the woollen mill. To strike in the midst of a world war that enveloped all Australia was not seen in a favourable light by the general public, and the media sentiment at the time regarding the strike at the Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company reflects this; rhetoric such as "War work held up" and "a most unfortunate stoppage in the supplies for the army" was used. The Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company continued to have industrial disputes in 1943 and 1945.</p><br>
<p>Many of the windows in the building were changed in the mid twentieth century from timber framed sash windows to louvers. The Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company was still in production up until 1968 when the company changed hands to the Australian Fabric Manufacturers Ltd. Further construction was undertaken with modern steel framed buildings designed for wool scouring being erected in the 1970s or early 1980s. In 1984 Hancock Bros Pty Ltd purchased the older part of the woollen mills, designating it "the top mill" and the newest parts of the mill complex were purchased first by Prunda Pty Ltd and then Terrace Furniture.</p><br>
<p>The industrial machinery once used within the mill has long been removed. The factory now produces plywood and the machinery used for this production is vastly different to that once used for woollen cloth manufacture. The steam engine was removed to the North Ipswich Railway Workshops Museum (North Ipswich Railway Workshops) when the mill was taken over by the plywood company. The manager&#39;s house, once situated north east of the site, was recently moved to the Mining Museum at Kholo for display as "The Queenslander". The mill is now manufacturing plywood for Boral Hancocks. The chimney was removed by the Boral Hancock Company as it had become unstable and unsafe.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The buildings are situated above the northern bank of the Bremer River within a large industrial area that follows the river down a slight hill. Called "the Top Mill" by the current occupiers, the former buildings of The Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company are situated on the highest part of the industrial area.</p><br>
<p>The mill is a large, high walled, rectangular brick building with several extensions and subsidiary buildings added, adjoining the main building.</p><br>
<p>The main entrance to the mill lies to the north west, and is accessible from the corner of Lamington Parade and The Terrace. The wrought iron entrance gates display The Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company insignia. The brick wall adjacent to The Terrace has been painted and is a substantial feature in the streetscape of this small industrial area.</p><br>
<p>To the left of entrance is the main mill building. This structure is a large rectangular building constructed of light red common bricks laid in English bond. It has a sawtooth roof of sixteen sections. On the western side of the main mill building the wall is exposed and four inlaid brick features in cream brick made to resemble arched windows.</p><br>
<p>Two smaller, single story, brick extensions have been added to the west wall of the main mill, and lead into the main building internally. These buildings have corrugated iron roofs and clerestory windows. These two buildings are aligned north-south, in contrast to the rest of the factory that is east-west.</p><br>
<p>There is evidence of the demolished brick chimney on the south east corner of the mill. There is a remaining furnace at the base of the chimney; this has been bricked up and is inaccessible due to the storage of plywood surrounding it. There are concrete blocks on which machinery was mounted outside of the steam room. The brick exterior walls contain rows of large sash windows. On the eastern wall these windows have been built approximately three meters off the ground. They now contain glass louvers. On the north and south walls the windows are placed closer to the ground, approximately one meter from the ground; these windows were once timber framed sash windows but are now either louvers or have been bordered up by timber panels.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the factory is made up of a large open area with several smaller rooms leading from it. The walls throughout are painted brick. Internally, the spaces lead into one another.</p><br>
<p>The main part of the mill is a large open hall, formerly housing machinery. Timber trusses support the roof, which is unlined. In places the timber beams have been replaced by steel. The floor is concrete.</p><br>
<p>In the south east corner room a boiler and industrial steam engine were once housed here and were used to power the factory&#39;s machines. The large brick chimney and furnace were situated next to this boiler room in the south east corner of the factory. The roof in this room is high to accommodate the steam power machinery.</p><br>
<p>Beside this room was the wool grading room. Originally it had a timber floor, raised one meter from the existing cement floor. The room is now used as a storage room by the plywood company.</p><br>
<p>Beside this room to the west was the scouring room. Initially this room contained large cast-iron vats for the scouring process. These were sunk into the floor and were two meters in depth, but have been floored over with cement.</p><br>
<p>The factory offices still remain intact at the north east corner of the main factory building. Within these brick offices is an original walk-in safe with original iron frame. The walls are plastered. The plastered ceiling of the first office has a small vent; this has a wrought iron cover displaying The Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company&#39;s insignia. Above all the interior doors in the office are louvered panelled windows.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company mill was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 19 September 2008 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>As the first woollen mill in Queensland, and an early example of large scale manufacturing, the mill played an important role in the development of the Queensland textile industry and is important in illustrating early vertical integration for the sheep industry in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The textile industry was traditionally a major employer of women and The Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company continued this tradition as it was the largest employer of women in Ipswich in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.</p><br>
<p>The mill&#39;s placement in Ipswich demonstrates the importance of Ipswich as a trading centre, receiving raw wool from the Darling Downs and passing the manufactured product on to Brisbane for distribution.</p><br>
<p>As a producer of uniform fabric and blankets for the armed forces in both the First and Second World Wars, The Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company made an important contribution to Australia&#39;s war effort. It has also been important as a supplier of Railway and Police uniforms.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The practice of woollen manufacturing in major textile centres such as Northern England was to have key processes carried out in separate manufactories. The Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company is the first manufactory of its type in Queensland which processed the fibre from raw wool to textiles and garments.</p><br>
<p>The Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company is rare as it was the first woollen mill in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Queensland Woollen Manufacturing Company is important as an early and substantially intact example of a woollen mill in Queensland. The mill is sitting on the bank of a river for both transport and water for steam driven machinery, and its layout provides evidence of its operations. Within the mill are components that allow the reading of the hierarchical movement that occurred within the plant; the large steam engine room with furnace, the wool grading room, the scouring, drying and dying room, the large open halls in which the carding machines, spinning mules, weaving looms, shaving machines were once held, the sewing area and storage rooms all follow a purpose designed floor plan that was not changed for the duration of the woollen mill&#39;s existence.</p><br>
<p>The mill is an example of the work by prominent Ipswich architect George Brockwell Gill. Other notable work by Gill includes the Ipswich Girls&#39; Grammar School, the Ipswich Technical College, the Ipswich Club House, the Hotel Metropole, and "Brynhyfryd" House.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Built on the elevated corner of a bend in the Bremer River the large brick exterior walls of the mill are a landmark in North Ipswich and have been since the brick structure was built in 1890. Due to the mill&#39;s distinctive size, setting and compositional qualities it is clearly visible from many areas around Ipswich.</p><br>
<p>Sadliers Crossing Railway Bridge is a heritage-listed railway bridge at over Bremer River between Tallon Street, Sadliers Crossing and Dixon Street, Wulkuraka, Queensland, Australia on the Main Line (this section is now the Ipswich and Rosewood railway line. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 November 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Sadliers Crossing Railway Bridge, which crosses east-west over the Bremer River between Tallon Street, Sadliers Crossing and Dixon Street, Wulkuraka, is a steel truss, concrete and timber bridge designed by Chief Engineer Henry Charles Stanley. Dating from 1902, it is the second bridge to cross the Bremer River at this site.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1860s the colonial Queensland Government decided to establish a railway as a means of developing the colony. It was argued that rail would reduce freight costs and save travel time for passengers considering the very poor state of Queensland roads. Priority was initially given to creating a rail link to the coast for the well-established and economically-important Darling Downs pastoral region. The river port of Ipswich was chosen as the eastern terminus of the railway. Located at the head of navigation, at the intersection of routes to the Darling Downs and Upper Brisbane Valley, it was the major inland port serving these areas.</p><br>
<p>The Queensland government began its railway network when it passed a Railways Act on 3 September 1863 This 1864 Railway Act authorized construction of the section from Ipswich to the Little Liverpool Range. Narrow gauge (3 feet 6 inches) was chosen as Queenslands uniform gauge. On 3 January 1864 tenders closed for the first section of the railway from Ipswich to Bigges Camp. The contract was subsequently awarded to the well known British railway builders Peto, Brassey and Betts whose price of £86,900 was the lowest of five tenders.</p><br>
<p>Construction of this 21 mile (34 km) section from Ipswich, via Walloon, to Bigge&#39;s Camp (later named Grandchester) at the foot of the Little Liverpool Range commenced in February 1864 and the line was opened in July 1865. This initial route from Ipswich differed from that followed by the present railway. Ipswich station was located immediately north of the present one, and the line proceeded due north, with an immediate crossing of the Bremer River to the area now occupied by the railway workshops. It then turned west around the north bank of the river, with bridges over minor creeks such as Mihi and Ironpot creeks. The Main Line was subsequently extended to Gatton (June 1866) and Toowoomba, via ascent of the Main Range, by May 1867.</p><br>
<p>The rail link from Ipswich to Grandchester remained a vital part of the Main Line but within the first decade of the operation of the line from Ipswich to Toowoomba it was decided to build a deviation near Ipswich. In 1875, the first six kilometres were replaced by a new line only half its length that crossed the Bremer River west of Ipswich at Sadlier&#39;s Crossing. This deviation was part of the extension of the line from Brisbane to Ipswich that opened in October 1874. The old line was retained as far as North Ipswich to serve the locomotive and carriage sheds and workshops.</p><br>
<p>Upgrading of the Main Line continued. In 1891-1892 the original 40 pound iron rails were replaced with harder wearing steel rails. Similarly all bridges on the Main Line were upgraded around the turn of the century to carry locomotives over twice the weight of the original ones. In 1899 it was decided to duplicate the rail track between Ipswich and Wulkuraka, to regrade the section between Ipswich and Rosewood and to raise the level of the Sadliers Crossing Rail Bridge so flood waters could not inundate it as happened in 1893. As a result of the disastrous 1893 floods Whipple trusses, like that used on the Sadliers Crossing Railway Bridge, were preferred for railway bridges until the introduction of through Pratt trusses.</p><br>
<p>The new bridge was designed while Henry Charles Stanley was Chief Engineer for Railways (1892 to 1901). Stanley was an important early engineer in Queensland. Born and trained in Scotland, he was appointed to Queensland Railways in 1863. After working as chief engineer on several lines, Stanley became responsible for the whole of the colony&#39;s railway network in 1892. During the 1890s a number of large metal truss rail bridges were constructed to cross major streams making the connection of important towns and resources possible. In this way they were vital to the operation of the transport system and the development of the state as a whole. Many of these early bridges have since been replaced.</p><br>
<p>The contract for the Sadliers Crossing Railway Bridge was awarded to J McCormick and Sons. Material and plant for the new bridge were purchased in February 1900. The timber work for the bridge was completed and the 33 foot (10.06 metres) and 50 foot (15.24 metres) steel plate girder spans were in position in 1901. The work was completed in March 1902 and the current bridge over the Bremer River at Sadliers Crossing came into usage. Its double track operated as two single tracks, one towards Rosewood and the other for the Brisbane Valley branch line.</p><br>
<p>The Sadliers Crossing Railway Bridge is a two span Whipple truss bridge with continuous rolled steel joists. It is the second longest span of its type in Queensland (45.7 metres), the longest being the former Burdekin River Rail Bridge at Macrossan. The Whipple truss was developed by Squire (CE) Whipple as a stronger version of the Pratt truss that was designed by Thomas and Caleb Pratt in 1844. The basic identifying features of the Pratt truss are the diagonal web members which form a V-shape. The centre section commonly has crossing diagonal members. The Pratt truss and its variations are the most common type of all trusses. One of these variations is the Whipple truss, which was patented in 1847, and is also known as the "Double-intersection Pratt" because the diagonal tension members cross two panels, while those on the Pratt cross one. The Whipple truss was popular with the railroads as it was stronger and more rigid than the Pratt.</p><br>
<p>Duplication and regrading of the track between Ipswich and Grandchester began in July 1914. When completed, the two single lines were converted into double track operation between Ipswich and Wulkuraka.</p><br>
<p>The bridge has not been substantially changed since its completion in 1902. In 1956 repairs were made to the bracing of No.1 truss. In 1965 plans were prepared for replacing the longitudinals supporting the track with transoms and this work was completed during the following year. In 1977 plans were prepared to replace the corbels on piers 9 and 17, and in 1994 the corner braces were removed to allow for the passage of over-height containers.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was known earlier as the Red Bridge because of its paintwork and accordingly there is still evidence of red oxide paintwork to steel members of the bridge.</p><br>
<p>Since the early 1960s there has been little construction of steel bridges by Queensland Rail. Once pre-stressed concrete bridge girders were proved adequate for rail use they became almost universal.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>This high-level steel, concrete and timber railway bridge over the Bremer River between Tallon Street, Sadliers Crossing and Dixon Street, Wulkuraka was built between 1900 and 1902. It is located approximately 25 miles 30 chains (40.02 kilometres) from Roma Street railway station. Its total length is 412 feet (229.8 metres) plus the timber trestles. It has long approaches to allow for flood flows on the Bremer River.</p><br>
<p>The outer approach spans of timber longitudinals are supported by common timber trestles, both braced and unbraced. The inner approach spans are of riveted continuous rolled steel joists and riveted deck-type continuous plate girders and underslung cross girders supported on concrete piers. The two mains spans are each of 150 feet (45.7 metres). They are riveted 13-panel double-intersection through Pratt trusses (Whipple trusses) supported on concrete piers. The stylistic concrete piers are cement rendered. There are dressed stone cutwaters embedded in concrete to the upstream leading edges.</p><br>
<p>A cantilevered pedestrian footbridge is attached to the upstream side of the bridge. It has wrought iron stanchions, chain wire and timber top-rail balustrades on both sides. Timber access stairs and mid-landings are attached to each end of the bridge.</p><br>
<p>The rail line consists of straight double tracks.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Sadliers Crossing Railway Bridge was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 November 2008 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Sadliers Crossing Railway Bridge, opened in 1902, is important in demonstrating the evolution of the railway network in Queensland. This rail network, established in the 1860s, was vital for the development of the colony through opening land for closer settlement and freighting produce and resources to Queenslands ports. From the 1890s the preferred design of large metal rail bridges to cross major waterways underwent several changes, to withstand flooding and to meet increased load requirements. Early bridges and track on the Main Line from Brisbane to the Darling Downs, which was one of Queenslands most important lines, were upgraded to accommodate heavier, more powerful engines as freight traffic and tonnage increased from the 1890s. Sadliers Crossing Bridge, replacing an 1875 bridge, was built as part of this upgrading.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Sadliers Crossing Railway Bridge is a rare surviving example of the use of riveted double-intersection through Pratt trusses (Whipple trusses), and is the second longest span of this type in Queensland. This bridge and the former Burdekin River Rail Bridge are the only parallel chord examples of the Whipple design extant in Queensland. A variant of the Whipple truss design, using hogback trusses, is used in the Albert Bridge, Indooroopilly and the Alexandra Railway Bridge, Rockhampton.</p><br>
<p>The cantilevered pedestrian footbridge and access stairs attached to the upstream spans is a rare example of its type and is still in use.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Sadliers Crossing Railway Bridge is a good example of a railway bridge designed by the Department of Railways and Public Works while Henry C Stanley was Chief Engineer of Queensland. The bridge is highly intact and provides important physical evidence of early twentieth century railway bridge design and construction in Queensland. Sadliers Crossing Railway Bridge demonstrates the evolution of the principal characteristics of steel railway bridges around the turn of the twentieth century, especially the change from the Pratt truss to the Whipple truss to the through Pratt truss, which increased the strength of the structure.</p><br>
<p>Col. Richard P. Taylor House is a historic plantation complex and national historic district located near Huntsboro, Granville County, North Carolina. The plantation house was built about 1835, and is a tall two-story, five bay, transitional Federal / Greek Revival style frame dwelling. It has a one-story rear ell, exterior end chimneys, and a full-height brick basement. The house is nearly identical to that built by Col. Richard Taylor&#39;s half-brother, the Archibald Taylor Plantation House. Also on the property are the contributing early mortise and tenon smokehouse, a pigeon house or tobacco packhouse, an air-cure tobacco barn, a frame corn crib, and two log tobacco barns.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Mechanic Institute is a historic educational building at 44-56 Congress Street in downtown Rumford, Maine. This handsome four-story brick building was built in 1910 by the Rumford Falls Power Company to provide educational facilities for its workers and their children. It is now owned by the city, and the former educational facilities have been repurposed into a community center. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Mechanic Institute is a large four-story brick structure located at the southeast corner of Congress and Exchange Streets in central Rumford, Maine. The main facade faces Congress Street, and has four plate glass storefronts with recessed entrances, and a centered entry to the upper levels. The entrance is shaped to resemble stone blocks, with a similar segmented arch above. The main feature of this facade is a recessed colonnade of six Doric columns rising two stories to an entablature and cornice, which above the central storefronts. The end bays have an array of tall windows, separated by pilasters and topped by an entablature on the second level, and four bays of sash windows (now mostly bricked in) at the third level, all of which is framed by two-story brick pilasters and topped by a lintel-like painted projecting with keystone outlines. The fourth level of the outer bays has four sash window spaces, now filled in, while the space above the colonnade in the central bays has a recessed cornice line with brackets.</p><br>
<p>The building was built in 1910 by the Rumford Power Falls Company, whose notably paternalistic attitude toward its workers included construction of high-quality housing at Strathglass Park. The purpose of the building was to provide a social and educational venue for its mill workers, with stores at the ground level, and educational and meeting spaces above. The building was designed by the Portland firm of Miller & Mayo, and built by L. E. Bradstreet of Hallowell. It is now owned by the city, which operates a community center in the upper levels.</p><br>
<p>Graceville Memorial Park is a heritage-listed park at 173 Oxley Road, Graceville, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was established in 1904. It is also known as Graceville Recreation Reserve and the Sherwood War Memorial. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 September 2006.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Graceville Memorial Park, located on a flat, low-lying part of Graceville, was gazetted as the Graceville Recreation Reserve in 1904, but it was referred to as Graceville Memorial Park by 1926. The park was enlarged in July 1979, with the resumption of about 11 perches of vacant, ownerless land (lot 2, RP 70795) for an access way to Churchill Street, south of the park.</p><br>
<p>From 1840 to 1859 the peninsula that includes the suburb of Graceville was known as Boylands Pocket, a run for sheep and cattle. After 1859 the area was subdivided into farms with an average size of about 30 to 40 acres. Maize, potatoes, and bananas were grown, cotton was attempted in the 1860s, and sugar cane was produced until a cold spell in the 1870s. The area was relatively isolated from Brisbane until the railway line from Ipswich crossed the river from Chelmer to Indooroopilly in 1875. Gracevilles subdivision for residential housing started during the building boom of the 1880s, and the Graceville railway station was opened in 1886. The Shire of Sherwood was created in 1891, excised from the Yeerongpilly Division (created in 1879).</p><br>
<p>From the late 1880s onwards there was an increased interest in Queensland in healthy outdoor recreation, and the flood-prone grassland on which the park was later sited was used as a lacrosse field in the 1890s. The formation of sporting clubs in Queensland led to pressure on local councils to provide facilities, and in May 1904 fourteen acres of this grassland was gazetted as the Graceville Recreation Reserve by the Queensland government. The reserve was vested in the Sherwood Shire Council, to be held in trust for recreation purposes, and the park&#39;s primary role since then has been as a leased venue for various team sports, mainly cricket and hockey, but also including soccer, rugby league, and Australian Rules football. A croquet club and a tennis club were also established. Other users included the Graceville Methodist Sunday School, which held classes in a ground shed on the reserve between November 1914 and November 1917, and a bridge club, which was formed at the croquet club premises around 1929. Aviators may have also used the park as an aerodrome in the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>The outpouring of grief in Australia that accompanied the deaths, and overseas burial, of 60,000 service people in World War I, led to a period of memorial building across the nation. A memorial was unveiled in Graceville Recreational Reserve on 28 November 1920 by Lieutenant E.M. Little, chairman of the local R.S.S.A.L.I.A. Funded by public subscriptions, the memorial was designed by Mr I Bennet, and was erected by Andrew Lang Petrie Monumental Works, at a cost of £225. On a copper scroll made by Ernest Gunderson, 51 soldiers and one nursing sister were included in a list of Sherwood Shire&#39;s fallen. 265 men, and seven nurses had enlisted from the Shire. Between 1985 and 1996, a low sandstone wall was built around the monument, and three flagpoles were set to the west. Plaques representing each of the three armed services have also been added to the north, east and west sides of the monument since 1985. In 2004 sandstone pavers replaced the bitumen that had been laid around the monument.</p><br>
<p>Before the unveiling of the memorial, 52 memorial trees were also planted. Bunya pines and cotton trees were set in a single row along Plumridge Street and Appel Street (then called Graceville Parade) to commemorate the dead. Today, 29 bunya pines and 11 cotton trees remain. Some locals claim that there were memorial plaques on these trees, but that the plaques had gone by the 1950s. In addition to the memorial trees on the western and northern edges of the park, an avenue of bauhinias, cabbage tree palms and Chinese elms was planted either side of a drive from Oxley Road to the memorial. A single line of figs and camphor laurels continued west from the memorial towards Appel Street. The eastern section of the drive had a bitumen surface by 1961, but the western section of the memorial drive, from the memorial to Appel Street, has reverted to grass. A trophy field gun captured by the Australian Imperial Force near Abancourt, France, in August 1918 was also sited near the memorial from the early 1920s, but it was removed before 1952.</p><br>
<p>In 1925 the Sherwood Shire was incorporated in the City of Greater Brisbane, and the recreation reserve is referred to as Graceville Memorial Park in the 1926 Park Schedule for the City. However, the emphasis on sports had continued. By 1924 the park contained three cricket ovals, with a shelter and dressing sheds, three croquet lawns, and two tennis courts. The Graceville Croquet Club was formed in March 1919, with Thomas Murray Hall, Member of the Queensland Legislative Council, as its first Patron. A number of returned servicemen were settling in area at this time, and their wives wanted their own sporting activities. The Sherwood Shire Council leased a portion of the park to the croquet club in May 1919. The southernmost of the three croquet lawns remained as rough grass until 1923, and the croquet clubhouse was probably built between 1924 and 1929. The clubhouse has received a small extension to the north since 1985. The Brisbane City Council continues to lease the premises to the club.</p><br>
<p>The Western Suburbs District Cricket Club was formed in 1921, and it has had an association with the park since 1924. In 1928 the Queensland Cricket association took out a twenty-year lease on playing ovals one and two, and a seasonal lease on oval three. The grandstand facing the number one oval was opened in September 1936. The Brisbane City Council Register of new buildings lists the grandstand on 13 February 1936, with H. Sanham as the contractor, and the Brisbane City Council as the architect. The cost of the brick and timber building was listed at £1000. The two changing rooms and storage area within the brick ground floor have been renovated and reconfigured over time, and the current latticed balustrade at the front of the seating was introduced since 1985. Two similar grandstands currently exist in Brisbane, one at Bulimba Memorial Park (built 1923), and one at Langlands Park (1937).</p><br>
<p>Overlapping ovals replaced the three undersize ovals. The number one oval was reconstructed with ash, its sightscreens were moved, and the arris fence was removed. Soon after 1968 some practice-bowling cages were installed on the south side of the park between the croquet club and the war memorial. Currently, the two main ovals have turf wickets, and a concrete wicket stands where the number three oval used to be located. The cricket clubhouse to the east of the grandstand started as a refreshment stall, and was extended in the 1960s. Both the number two and number three ovals had their own dressing sheds, which have changed or have been removed. The current timber changing-shed facing the number two oval replaced an earlier structure between 1946 and 1952. It has been extended to the south since 1985, and a new aluminium shed has been erected nearby.</p><br>
<p>Although there were two tennis courts in the park&#39;s southeast corner by 1924, the Banksia Tennis Club did not take out a formal lease until 1938, for one rood and 4.4 perches of land. The club also built a timber clubhouse before 1946. The Banksia Tennis Club surrendered its lease in 1989, due to the aging of its membership, and a car park and a half basketball court had replaced the tennis courts, their fences, and clubhouse, by 1993.</p><br>
<p>Other clubs have also used the park over time. The Brisbane Hockey Association has had the winter use of the ovals since 1941, and in 1955 the Graceville United Soccer Club had the winter use of the number four oval, an area in the north of the park between ovals one and three. This area had a concrete wicket by 1952, but this had been removed by 1975. In the 1960s there are also references in Brisbane City Council records to the Sherwood District Junior Australian Rules Club, and the South Rugby League Juniors. There were floodlights on poles around the perimeter of the park by 1961, but in 1975 the South West United Hockey Club requested new lighting, for night training.</p><br>
<p>Other built features in the park include the toilet block near the croquet club, which was built in the late 1960s, and the playground, which existed between the cricket clubhouse and the tennis club by 1961. The playground&#39;s equipment was upgraded in 1968, the late 1980s, and in the 1990s. A shade canopy was added in 1993. A bikeway path, along the western and northern perimeter of park, was built about 1991. In 1996, the steamroller, which had been in the playground since the 1960s, was moved, restored, and installed inside a roofed enclosure to the east of the car park. The steamroller is an "S" type, four steam-horse power model, built between 1923 and 1925, by Marshall and Sons and Company, in Gainsborough, England. The ex Brisbane City Council steamroller is listed as a "Engineering and Industrial Heritage Site" on the website of Engineers Australia, Queensland Division.</p><br>
<p>Features that have now been removed include two earth closets, sited either side and to the south of the memorial, which were probably removed around the time that the new toilet block was installed. A zigzag concrete path, installed in the 1960s, once ran through the site of the playground, and some of the tree plantings along Oxley Road, including fig trees and palms, have been replaced. Buildings that have been removed since 1985 include the timber changing shed for the number three oval, and a small shed just north of the croquet club which was replaced by an aluminium shed.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Graceville Memorial Park, bounded by Oxley Rd to the east, Plumridge Street to the north, and Appel Street to the west, lies just to the east of the Ipswich to Brisbane railway line, and currently covers 6.6 hectares. There is vehicle access from Oxley Road, along the memorial drive, and pedestrians can access the park from anywhere along Appel Street, Plumridge Street, and Oxley Road, as well as from the end of Addison Street in the south, and via the access way from Churchill Street. The park is flat, and the main features consist of the tree plantings and buildings. The number one cricket oval is near Oxley road, the number two oval is in the middle of the park, and a concrete wicket is located in the northwest corner of the park.</p><br>
<p>Mature memorial bunya trees and cotton trees are planted on the northern and western perimeter of the park. An avenue of mature bauhinia, cabbage tree palms, and Chinese elms runs from Oxley road to the war memorial, and a single row of mature figs and camphor laurels runs west from the memorial to Appel Street. Behind the grandstand are two mature Moreton Bay fig trees, and two mature bunya pines. The Oxley Road frontage still has some mature fig trees and palm trees, along with more recent plantings.</p><br>
<p>A steamroller stands under a shelter between Oxley Road and the car park. Further west is the cricket clubhouse, a single-story timber building, with a low-pitched skillion roof clad in galvanised iron. A sightboard stands just to the north of the clubhouse, and across the number one oval, a second sightboard stands among the memorial trees on Plumridge Street.</p><br>
<h3>The Cricket Grandstand</h3><br>
<p>The cricket grandstand that faces the number one oval is a rectangular pavilion, with a timber-trussed hipped roof clad in corrugated iron that is supported on plain timber posts. The tiered seating area is supported on an orange brick base, which contains two changing rooms, toilets, and a storage area. The hardwood floorboards of the seating area are covered in bitumen sheeting, and there is a scorer&#39;s desk in an upper row of the timber seating. The gable on the northern face has a flagpole and a rising sun motive infill. A divided timber staircase rises to the viewing area on the north face. Below the concrete capping to the walls on the east, west, and south elevations there are decorative panels of roughcast render between the projecting rows of bricks.</p><br>
<h3>War Memorial</h3><br>
<p>The war memorial is at the western end of the memorial avenue of trees, at the south side of the park, and consists of a polished grey granite column set on a light grey granite pedestal, which sits on a stepped base of rusticated grey granite. Sandstone tiles and a low fence of sandstone with eight sandstone bollards surround the 5.5 metre high monument. The shaft of the column has a gold laurel wreath imprinted on its north face, and is crowned with a polished ball, which is etched with a map of Australia, and the words "ANZAC". The north face of the pedestal has a small plaque reading The Great War 1914-1919, above a copper scroll that lists the Shire&#39;s dead in the First World War and which is inscribed Fallen Heroes of the Sherwood Shire, Honoured and in Memory Evergreen. Under the scroll is a small plaque reading Dulce et Decorum est pro Patria Mori. At the base of the pedestal is the badge of the Royal Australian Navy. On the east face is a plaque reading World War II 1939-45, and under it, is a plaque inscribed In honour of the men and women who served Australia in time of conflict during World War II. Lest We Forget. At the base of the pedestal is the rising sun badge of the Australian army. On the west face a plaque reads Korea-Malaya Borneo-Vietnam. Under this is set the badge of the Royal Australian Air Force. Three flagpoles stand to the west of the monument.</p><br>
<h3>Croquet Clubhouse</h3><br>
<p>The croquet clubhouse and its three playing lawns stand on the Appel Street frontage of the park. Small shade structures with seating are on the borders of the croquet lawns. The clubhouse is a rectangular timber building with its long axis addressing the middle lawn. It has a gabled roof that is clad in corrugated iron. A modern shade structure extends over the southern entrance, and there is an extension at the northern end of the building. A gable projects towards the lawn above an entrance on the northern side there are sash windows. Internally, the clubhouse has a timber floor, with walls and ceiling clad in fibrous cement sheeting. Most of this internal space is used for small tables and chairs and there is a small kitchenette and toilet at one end. Two timber honour boards are displayed.</p><br>
<p>Number two oval&#39;s changing shed, which has its back to the croquet lawns, is a timber building on a concrete slab with a skillion roof clad in galvanised iron. It has an extension on its southern end that accommodates a small garage.</p><br>
<p>The features of the Graceville Memorial Park which are not of historical significance include the aluminium storage shed near the croquet clubhouse and the aluminium shed to the south of the number two ovals changing shed; the brick toilet block; the cricket practice nets; a drinking fountain near the playground; the playground and its equipment; the bikeway; the half basketball court and car park; the steamrollers shelter shed; and assorted park seating.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Graceville Memorial Park was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 September 2006 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Surviving as a highly visible remnant of the development of the Graceville district, the use of the park for team sports from the 1890s to the present demonstrates the interest in health-promoting recreation that occurred in Queensland from the late 1880s onwards. Reflecting the proliferation of recreational sport clubs that occurred during post-war suburban development, a croquet club was established in the park in 1919, and cricket and tennis facilities were operational by 1924. The Brisbane City Councils expenditure on a cricket grandstand during the Depression demonstrates the continued importance of sport to Queenslanders during the 1930s.The decade after the First World War witnessed demonstrations of grief for those who had died. Graceville Memorial Parks War Memorial, with its linked memorial avenue, and rows of memorial bunya and cottonwood trees along Appel and Plumridge Streets, demonstrates the process of grieving that was occurring across Australia in 1920 and is symbolic of both civic mourning and national pride.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Graceville Memorial Park has features that are now uncommon within a suburban park, such as the handsome and substantial Interwar grandstand and the extensive formal plantings of memorial bunya trees.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Graceville Memorial Park is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of its class, having open recreational space, sports facilities, clubhouses and a grandstand within a park whose focal point is a War Memorial and which is bordered by memorial plantings.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>As a large open space with fine mature trees, the park has landmark value. The memorial avenue of trees delineates the ceremonial approach to the War Memorial and effectively marks the parks southern border. The cottonwood and bunya arrangement is also striking in its contrast of alternating size and shape. A well-designed and substantial cricket grandstand enhances the aesthetic values of the park and is a fine example of the work of the Brisbane City Architects Office in the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The war memorial in the park has a strong and continuing association with the wider community as evidence of the impact of a major historic event and as the focal point for the remembrance of that event. The park is also important to the local area as a venue for sport and recreation for several generations, having a long-standing association with the Graceville Croquet Club and Western Suburbs District Cricket Club.</p><br>
<p>Bulimba Memorial Park is a heritage-listed park at 129 Oxford Street, Bulimba, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1919 to 1980s. It is also known as Bulimba Soldiers & Sailors Memorial Park and Jamieson Park. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Part of Bulimba Memorial Park may have been established by the Balmoral Shire Council as early as, as Jamieson Park. Following the First World War (1914–18) it was opened officially on 1 November 1919 by Walter Barnes, Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly as the Bulimba Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Park, dedicated to Bulimba servicemen and women who had served in the Great War.</p><br>
<p>Robert Jamieson was an early Bulimba farmer and the park is part of his subdivision of portion 7. Bulimba ratepayers had discussed the acquisition of part of Jamieson&#39;s land for a recreation ground as early as January 1888, when it was offered to them at a reduced price. Nearly 4 acres (1.6 hectares) of this land eventually was acquired by the Balmoral Shire Council in 1904, and in subsequent years a number of adjacent subdivisions were incorporated within the park. The first memorials erected in the park were the Oxford Road formal entrance gateway and an adjacent pillar. A plaque on the memorial pillar records that the park is dedicated to the soldiers, sailors and nurses who enlisted from Bulimba for service in the Great War 1914–1919.</p><br>
<p>Between 1919 and 1923 trees were planted along the Stuart, Godwin and Oxford Street frontages. Each tree bore a commemorative plaque honouring a serviceman killed in action. These plaques have since disappeared, and only six names are recorded. Most of the surviving memorial trees are located along Oxford Street.</p><br>
<p>The grandstand on the Godwin Street side was built about 1923 through local fund raising efforts. It has been suggested that the architect was George Henry Male Addison, who designed the nearby Bulimba ferry wharf building.</p><br>
<p>In 1925, the park became the property of the Brisbane City Council, following the creation of Greater Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>A shelter shed near the corner of Oxford and Stuart Streets appears to date from the 1920s. Other structures on the site include playground equipment adjacent to the shelter shed and 1950s Girl Guides and Boy Scouts buildings. The former Boy Scout Hut is leased by the Southside Eagles Soccer Club and has been extended. The Babs Shield Senior Citizens Club was built. Other buildings include 1980s toilet facilities and a canteen.</p><br>
<p>During the 1980s the Brisbane City Council found that not all the subdivisions which comprised the park were Council owned. These were officially acquired, including the unformed James Street, and by 1990 the park contained over 4.6 hectares.</p><br>
<p>The park has been a venue for local cricket, rugby, soccer and other recreational uses since early this century. It is adjacent to the local shopping centre and it is the only remaining open park land with sporting facilities in the district.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Bulimba Memorial Park comprises approximately 4.6 hectares of land in the heart of the suburb of Bulimba, bounded by Godwin Street to the west, Oxford Street on the north, Stuart Street to the east, and housing and sections of Barramul Street to the south. The extensive perimeter is delineated by regularly spaced timber posts, and the roadway boundaries ensure free access and visibility and plenty of street parking for park users. The ground is flat, and apart from some perimeter plantings, mostly comprises open playing fields.</p><br>
<p>The park contains a number of elements intended as memorials to local persons who served in the First World War. These include:</p><br>
<p>memorial gateway, a wrought iron arch bearing the words Memorial Park, supported by a pair of solid timber posts, is located along the Oxford Street boundary</p><br>
<p>memorial pillar, adjacent to the Oxford Street gateway, resembles a small solid lectern constructed of concrete. It has a square base and a short pedestal with cornice. A brass memorial plaque is set on the face of the lectern.</p><br>
<p>memorial trees (-23), principally figs with alternating palms. The mature trees, mostly along Oxford Street, provide shade for spectators and locals enjoying the park&#39;s open space.</p><br>
<p>memorial grandstand, a two-storeyed timber structure with a gable roof of corrugated iron, located midway along the Godwin Street side of the park. The symmetrical front facade is dominated by a wide gabled bay which is flanked by access stairs that lead to the raked- back seating in the upper level. The sloped seating is balanced by the angle of the skillion roof of the rear changing rooms at ground level. The grandstand is open-sided, the roof being supported by slender timber columns with winged brackets. Decorative elements include dowel balustrades and lattice valance panels.</p><br>
<p>Other structures within the park include a shelter shed (s) near the corner of Oxford and Stuart Streets, Girl Guides Hall (1950s), former Scout Hut (1950s – now a soccer club), senior citizens club, public toilets (1980s) and canteen (1980s).</p><br>
<p>The s shelter shed is an open-sided structure, with timber posts with winged brackets supporting a short-ridged roof of corrugated iron.</p><br>
<p>The soccer club is a two-storeyed, L-shaped building with a corrugated iron gable roof. The ground floor is constructed of concrete bricks while the first floor is weatherboard, and there is an extensive timber deck at first floor level. The Girl Guides Hall is a two- storeyed weatherboard structure with a gable roof of corrugated iron. The senior citizens club, at the corner of Stuart and Barramul Streets, is a brick and glass, L-shaped structure. Near the 1923 grandstand are brick public toilets and a concrete block canteen, both with flat roofs.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Bulimba Memorial Park was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Bulimba Memorial Park is significant as a First World War memorial park with extensive and varied components. The trees are significant for their commemorative function, aesthetic value and practical usage.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The place is important as a Brisbane open space which, unusually, is available for both organised and informal recreational use.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The grandstand is a fine example of interwar vernacular domestic architecture adapted to non-domestic use. The trees are significant for their commemorative function, aesthetic value and practical usage. The park is a community landmark which has been used for a variety of social and recreational functions for over eight decades, and its aesthetic value contributes significantly to the Bulimba townscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The place is important as a Brisbane open space which, unusually, is available for both organised and informal recreational use. The park is a community landmark which has been used for a variety of social and recreational functions for over eight decades, and its aesthetic value contributes significantly to the Bulimba townscape.</p><br>
<p>Sherwood Arboretum is a heritage-listed arboretum at 39A Turner Street, Sherwood, Queensland, Australia. A 1946 addition to the site is also known as the John Herbert Memorial Vista. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 3 May 2007.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Sherwood Arboretum covers an area of 15 hectares, containing approximately 1,100 trees from about 300 species. The arboretum comprises parkland, artificial freshwater wetland and has an extensive frontage to the Brisbane River.</p><br>
<p>In keeping with an international trend toward the application of scientific methods to forestry, and over concern for the depleting stock of Queensland&#39;s forests and commercial timbers, Sherwood Arboretum was established at the urging of a number of community interest groups, the Local Government Authorities and the Queensland Government.</p><br>
<p>In June 1922, the Curator of the Botanical Gardens, Ernest Walter Bick F.L.S. wrote to the Brisbane Deputy Town Clerk outlining the need to establish "...an Arboretum near the city where the growth of native and other trees could be studied." The Government Botanist, Cyril Tenison White, raised public awareness, when he wrote to the daily papers on 13 July 1922. The proposal was sponsored by the Empire Forest Association, and gathered the support of the Royal Society of Queensland, the Queensland Naturalists&#39; Club, the Horticultural Society, the Australian Association for the Advancement of Science, the Public Health Association, and through a number of articles in the A & B Journal of Queensland.</p><br>
<p>No suitable land was initially identified within Brisbane Shire. In 1925, the Greater Brisbane Scheme saw the amalgamation of local councils and shires to establish the City of Brisbane. Land previously purchased by Sherwood Shire Council was considered suitable, and a proposal to dedicate land for arboretum purposes was strongly supported by the outgoing Sherwood Shire Council.</p><br>
<p>Symbolically, Sherwood Arboretum was officially opened on World Forestry Day, 21 March 1925, with a planting of 72 Queensland kauri (Agathis robusta) along a central promenade named Sir Matthew Nathan Avenue in honour of the Queensland Governor.</p><br>
<p>Many of the people associated with the opening and the first plantings are well known today as founders of the State and Brisbane City, prominent local residents and landowners, and leading scientists of the day such as: Sir Matthew Nathan; William Jolly, the First Mayor of Greater Brisbane; Archbishop James Duhig, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Brisbane; Romeo Lahey, local timber mill owner and founder of the National Parks Association, W. D. Francis of the Queensland Herbarium and author of "Australian Rainforest Trees&quot and Edward Swain, then District Inspector of Forests who became Director of Forests in 1928.</p><br>
<p>From its outset, the Sherwood Arboretum was focused on growing Australian trees, and especially Queensland trees. Over 600 specimens had been planted by 1929 with plans for another 400 in place. The temperature, climate and soils did not favour these early endeavours, and many of the plantings from the 1920s and 1930s appear to have failed.</p><br>
<p>Significant tree plantings include pine, fig and native plum, such as: Queensland kauri (Agathis robusta); bull kauri (Agathis microstachya); bunya pine (Araucaria bidwillii); hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii); Bribie Island pine (Callitrus columellaris); Moreton Bay fig (Ficus macrophylla); Queensland weeping fig (Ficus microcarpa); cluster fig (Ficus racemosa); rusty fig (Ficus rubiginosa); and Queensland rarities like Burdekin plum, (Pleogynium timorense) and Davidson plum (Davidsonia pruriens). From the west, the more arid interior and tropical north are wilga (Geijera parviflora); broad-leafed bottle tree (Brachychiton australis); lacebark (Brachychiton discolor); tulip oak (Harpuilia pendula); with the Leichardt tree (Nauclea orientalis); celery wood (Polyscias elegans); yellow wood (Flindseria xanthoxyla). Mangroves occur along the river frontage: milky mangrove (Excoecaria agaloeha), grey mangrove (Auicennia marina) and river mangrove (Aegiceras corniculatum). Examples of exotic species are uncommon, but include a Syrian Ash (Fraxinus syriaca) from Asia Minor.</p><br>
<p>In 1946, a number of land parcels and some connecting unformed roads were acquired adjacent the Arboretum. This addition is now named the John Herbert Memorial Vista, commemorating the State Member for Sherwood 1956-1978, who was an active member of the local community and had a long association with the National Trust of Queensland. The John Herbert Memorial Vista is managed as an integral part of the Arboretums natural biosystem.</p><br>
<p>The Sherwood Arboretum has a special association with Brisbanes renowned landscape architect, Harry Oakman, who was the Manager of Parks and Gardens for the Brisbane City Council from 1946 to 1963. Oakman had been Head Gardener, Department of Parks, for Newcastle City Council from 1940 to 1946. He later worked in Canberra, and wrote seven books on tropical and sub-tropical gardening. Harry Oakman (1906-2002) produced a major redesign of the Sherwood Arboretum, although his design was not implemented at the time. It has served subsequent generations, however, and the essential characteristics and elements of todays design reflect those advanced by Oakman by maintaining the original tree plantings and developing new elegant looping pedestrian pathways from the perimeter and within the main drive; capturing vistas overlooking the forests and the plantings; and culminating in the wharf and terminal.</p><br>
<p>A report by the Queensland Conservation Council released in 1975 claimed that Brisbane&#39;s parks were, in general, often flat, lacking in trees and natural water features, and had too much emphasis on built-recreation facilities. The report argued that too many buildings, sports clubs, car parks, and roads all defeated the purpose of parks as open spaces. The Sherwood Arboretum stands in stark contradiction to this generalisation.</p><br>
<p>The park&#39;s vistas, river frontage, subtropical mature trees and mature plantings of Queensland pines, native figs and specimens of rare Queensland native plums in a setting of grassed open spaces, open lagoons and shrubby borderlines, demonstrate an established sub-tropical garden character and are well appreciated by the public. Indeed, Sherwood Arboretum is listed as the third or fourth most visited park in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The changing land use in and around Sherwood Arboretum, from Aboriginal resource, to colonial farm, to suburban subdivision, and finally to parkland, demonstrates the evolution of Queenslands history, and the process of the creation of open spaces as the areas population grew. The Brisbane City Council&#39;s management of the land at Sherwood reflected its interest in the international town planning movement of the time. Redesigns of the park also demonstrate changes in parks philosophy and use over time, with a shift in emphasis from formal genteel Edwardian avenues and strictly scientific pursuits, to the development and maintenance of living natural ecosystems with a rich and a diverse biota and multiple opportunities for leisure activities and leisurely interaction with the natural environment.</p><br>
<p>The park has a long-standing and strong association with the local community. The children&#39;s playground is very popular with local mothers and children. The mix of open space, timbered slopes and forest groves attracts the use of festival organisers, wedding parties, sportspeople, the elderly, picnickers and the disabled.</p><br>
<p>Current park use ranges from active to passive. Active use ranges from sports use, such school events and cross-country running, through numerous social events and festivals, playground use, weddings, cycling and jogging. More passive uses include picnics, strolls through the gardens, quiet contemplation, and visitation by tourists. Many of the trees have heavily scarred trunks and limbs, especially the long-lived figs, bearing the testimonials of the countless lovers who have felt inclined to leave their testimonials inscribed.</p><br>
<p>Sherwood Arboretum continues to hold its scientific and cultural values with Queensland native specimens and plantings vastly predominant, and exotics noticeable by their near absence.</p><br>
<p>The original formal Edwardian layout of the park as exemplified by the Queensland kauri plantings along Sir Mathew Nathan Avenue, has given away to less formal grove-like clumpings, more fluid and more in keeping with contemporary standards of garden design and aesthetics. The garden redesign undertaken by Harry Oakman has inspired the contemporary layout, although many of the earlier tree plantings remain.</p><br>
<p>The Sherwood Arboretum has a character of park planting that is a distinct aspect of Brisbane&#39;s historic parks and large gardens.</p><br>
<p>The Arboretum lands hold important environmental values for the suburb and Brisbane city as a whole by providing critical water habitat for native plants and animals, by maintaining in stream water quality and for flood mitigation. It is a bird watching site of State significance and international repute, with 124 species recorded.</p><br>
<p>The Arboretum continues to play a role in science, with new plantings of the rare and endangered angle-stemmed myrtle (Austromyrtus gonoclada) in accordance with the Government of Queensland&#39;s recovery plan for this species; and ongoing studies in ecology and reproductive strategies for the dusty moorhen (Gallinula tenebrosa).</p><br>
<p>A series of improvements since 1974 has led to the establishment of two artificial freshwater lagoons, a children&#39;s playground, disabled user access, car parking improvements, a large roofed amenity block with bench seats and tables, a riverside boardwalk and public jetty on the river, and pedestrian pathway system, garden furniture, and an artistic installation commemorating the 1974 flood showing the height of the floodwaters. A toilet block was under construction at the time of the heritage listing. These structures are not considered to be significant.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>A rolling open landscape provides a spacious setting for clumped tree plantings, individual specimen trees, and an avenue of mature and semi-mature Queensland kauri.</p><br>
<p>The Sherwood Arboretum is bounded on the west by the Brisbane River and on the south-west by Jolimont and Turner Streets. Residential properties occur on the other boundaries. These properties are accessed from Joseph and Ferry Streets in the north; Dudley and Dunella Streets in the east; and Douglas Street in the south. Public vehicle access occurs off Jolimont Street with a 50 vehicle car park, and a smaller car park on Dewar Street directly into the John Herbert Memorial Vista.</p><br>
<p>Pedestrian access is provided from the Jolimont Street Car Park; off Dewar Street, Joseph Street, Turner Street; and from the pontoon on the Brisbane River centrally located on the Arboretum&#39;s eastern boundary.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Sherwood Arboretum (including the John Herbert Memorial Vista) was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 3 May 2007 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Sherwood Arboretum is important as evidence for the development of modern scientific methods of managing forestry and timber production in Queensland following the First World War. The need for an arboretum in Queensland was identified by a number of eminent scientists and was supported by important scientific, commercial and community interest groups. The establishment of the Sherwood Arboretum was only achieved through cooperation between these groups and various levels of government, demonstrating the importance of the project.</p><br>
<p>In keeping with a long tradition of tree planting by eminent persons, the Arboretum contains plantings by the then Governor, Sir Mathew Nathan, and numerous distinguished scientists, politicians, local landholders and community leaders.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Sherwood Arboretum appears to be unique among Queensland&#39;s public open spaces and botanical gardens by its concentration on tree species native to Queensland, and by the virtual exclusion of exotics.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Sherwood Arboretum is an important example of its type, combining public amenity and scientific purpose within an aesthetically pleasing arboreal landscape. It continues to serve its original function for research along with other public uses such as public relaxation, education and leisure.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The wide vistas, the riverside location, majestic landscapes and large and small natural beauties of the Sherwood Arboretum have a high aesthetic value, encouraging an appreciation of nature and sense of place which far exceeds what its small acreage might otherwise imply.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>The Sherwood Arboretum is a managed landscape demonstrating a high level of creative and technical achievement in balancing aesthetically pleasing design characteristics with scientific requirements.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Sherwood Arboretum is important to researchers and national and international visitors for its natural, aesthetic and scientific values, and is also valued by the local communities of Sherwood, Chelmer and Corinda as recreational space.</p><br>
<p>Berry & MacFarlane Monument is a heritage-listed memorial at Sherwood Road, Sherwood, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1902. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This monument was erected in July 1902 by friends of two young soldiers, Sergeant Robert Edwin Berry (aged 23 years) and Acting Corporal John MacFarlane (aged 21 years), who were killed in action at Onverwacht in the Republic of Transvaal on 4 January 1902. The Berry family had long been resident in the Sherwood district, and were closely associated with St Matthew&#39;s Anglican Church in Sherwood Road (destroyed by fire in 1921).</p><br>
<p>Both young men were members of the 5th Queensland Imperial Bushmen and, like all Australian troops participating in the South African War (Boer War) of 1899–1902, were volunteers. As members of the QIB, however, they were under British command, and their pay was issued by the colonial government at English cavalrymen&#39;s rates.</p><br>
<p>The monument was carved by the masonry firm of W. Batstone & Sons of South Brisbane, and was erected in the grounds of St Matthew&#39;s Anglican Church and Cemetery at Sherwood. The monument was unveiled by the Queensland Premier, Robert Philp, on Saturday 21 June 1902.</p><br>
<p>It is one of few South African War monuments erected in Queensland. Amongst these, other Brisbane memorials include the Caskey Monument (1902) in Toowong Cemetery, the Anning Monument (1903) at Hemmant and the South African War Memorial (1919) in Anzac Square, Brisbane.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The sandstone monument is located near the front entrance gate of the Sherwood Anglican Cemetery, facing east.</p><br>
<p>It stands 15 feet 3 inches (4.6 metres) high, and consists of a pedestal on a stepped sandstone base, rising to an obelisk draped by a tasselled shroud. Crossed rifles are carved in relief on the front face of the obelisk, which features a small cornice midway. The pedestal has two inscribed, leaded marble plates, and is ornamented with a trooper&#39;s hat and crossed swords in high relief at the base, and a rose and leaf design around the top.</p><br>
<p>The pedestal shows signs of spalling at the base, partly caused by the monument having been painted, and the relief detail is weathered. Originally the monument was surrounded by a stone kerbing and six posts linked by rails, with marble chips inside the border. The memorial now stands borderless and within two metres of the more recently erected columbarium.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Berry & MacFarlane Monument was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Berry & MacFarlane Monument at Sherwood, erected in 1902, is significant historically as an expression of emergent Australian nationalism in the earliest years of federation.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>It is a rare Queensland South African War monument, and a unique source of historical information.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It is a skilfully executed example of its type, and a good example of the work of prominent Brisbane monumental masons W. Batstone & Sons.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>It is a skilfully executed example of its type, and a good example of the work of prominent Brisbane monumental masons W. Batstone & Sons.</p><br>
<p>Francis Lookout is a heritage-listed cemetery at 157 Dewar Terrace, Corinda, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1863 to 1966. It is also known as Francis Outlook. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 September 2004.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Francis Lookout is an area of parkland located on a prominent hilltop site in Corinda. It contains burials from between 1862 and 1966. The Francis family, one of the first families to settle in the Corinda area bought 21 acres, Portion 120, in 1862, which extended from the Brisbane River up to the present location of Francis Lookout. They also bought 33 acres which extended from Oxley Creek to the present Sherwood Road.</p><br>
<h3>The Graves</h3><br>
<p>Their cemetery was dedicated when their youngest son, Clement, died in 1863. One acre was dedicated for this purpose as there was no municipal cemetery in the district. The last of the family to be buried here was Mary Francis, wife of the Francis&#39; eldest son, Dick, in 1937.</p><br>
<p>Other graves in the cemetery include: the Jones grave, the Dunlop grave, the Clarkson grave, the Walker grave, the Gray grave and two unlocated burials.</p><br>
<h3>The Lychgate</h3><br>
<p>According to Alex Francis, his mother, Angela Francis, erected the lychgate for her husband and the elaborate barge boards were carved by her friends. A small bronze plaque reads "ERECTED BY ANGELA FRANCIS 1902".</p><br>
<p>The lychgate has a gable roof that was originally covered with timber shingles. These were replaced with concrete tiles in 1962, but have again been replaced with timber shingles. East and West gables are infilled with weatherboards. The original timber floor has been replaced with at least two concrete slabs.</p><br>
<h3>Transfer to Brisbane City Council</h3><br>
<p>In 1930, the Brisbane City Council took direct control of thirteen of Brisbane&#39;s cemeteries. At this time Frances Lookout was under the control of private trustees. One of these, George Waugh approached the council with the request the council take over the cemetery, on the condition of the trustees waiving all claims to compensation and that the council would undertake to properly care for the cemetery in perpetuity.</p><br>
<p>Formal council resumption occurred in 1934. Improvements and repairs to the cemetery occurred in 1935-36 and were as follows:</p><br>
<p>the erection of a low fence on the road boundaries</p><br>
<p>repair and painting of the picturesque shelter shed</p><br>
<p>straightening and adjusting of the existing fence enclosing the graves</p><br>
<p>the provision of a suitable name board on the reserve.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The parkland is called Francis Lookout and is located on the corner of Dewar Terrace and Hilda Street, Corinda. The park was previously used as a private cemetery and still contains several memorials. A timber lychgate was constructed in 1902.</p><br>
<p>The park is in a significant hilltop position with panoramic views of Brisbane, especially towards Mount Coot-tha. The site sits at 50 m high, and is in the mid-range of Brisbane lookout heights.</p><br>
<p>The Lookout is a local landmark, being prominent in the urban landscape of the Corinda area as well as from the cross-river area of Fig Tree Pocket. The site is generally an open, grassed and reasonably level knoll, gently falling away to the northwest corner.</p><br>
<p>The boundary fence is white painted 100 mm x 75 mm hardwood intermediate posts set in the ground with a 100mm x 100mm diamond profile top rail and two strands of wire. Entry and corner posts are generally 125 mm x 125 mm with a chamfered apex.</p><br>
<p>The collection of eucalypts is especially significant, as they represent a community type that is found exclusively on rock outcrops at higher altitudes. There is also a significant bunya pine, which appears to have been planted 40–60 years ago.</p><br>
<p>The site contains 10 known graves and one unlocated grave. The five Francis family graves are situated together and surrounded by a white painted fence. The other graves are located to the northern side of this and scattered in a seemingly random way.</p><br>
<p>The lychgate is a small timber structure supported on 100 mm x 100 mm posts with a gable roof covered by timber shingles. The floor of the structure is concrete.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Francis Lookout was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 September 2004 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Francis Lookout is important in illustrating the pattern of Queenslands history, being rare surviving evidence of the mid and late 19th century development of the Corinda area as a farming community. In its strong association with the Francis family from 1862 and beyond, the place is also illustrative of the contributions made by individuals to the evolution of Queenslands history.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The place is a rare privately established burial ground in the Brisbane area, and has the potential to reveal further information about the settlement of the Corinda district, about 19th and early 20th century burial practices, and about the contingencies of pioneering life.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The place illustrates some of the principal characteristics of a small privately established burial ground, including a lack of denominational divisions and the locally connected interments - especially the graves of the family on whose land the ground was established, and of their neighbours. Its layout and funerary furniture are indicative of 19th century cemeteries.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The hilltop setting of Francis Outlook with its panoramic views of Brisbane and as an example of a well considered timber framed lychgate, Francis Outlook is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Oxley War Memorial is a heritage-listed memorial at 1218 Oxley Road, Oxley, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1920. It is also known as Oxley Memorial Park and Oxley Place. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 4 July 2006.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Today, the Oxley War Memorial sits on the crest of a ridge on the corner of Oxley Road and Bannerman Street in Oxley, where it is an important visual component of the streetscape setting on a busy arterial road.</p><br>
<p>The War Memorial was originally erected by local residents on a small parcel of reserved land on the corner of Oxley Road & Ipswich Road. It was unveiled on Saturday 12 February 1921 by the wife of Cecil Elphinstone, Member of the Legislative Assembly for Oxley. In 1929 Brisbane City Council acquired the land on which the monument stood from the previous proprietors who were the registered trustees of the reserve. The memorial was moved to its present location in the 1980s due to traffic requirements.</p><br>
<p>The memorial was funded by public subscriptions at an establishment cost of about £110. The mason was F Williams & Co of Ipswich, who was also responsible for the memorials at:</p><br>
<p>Toogoolawah, One Mile, West Ipswich & Western Suburbs Ipswich (1917)</p><br>
<p>Colinton & Mount Alford (1918)</p><br>
<p>Booval & Bundamba (1919)</p><br>
<p>Boonah, Maroon & Oxley (1920)</p><br>
<p>Esk & Toombul Shire at Nundah (1921)</p><br>
<p>the Weeping Mother Memorial at Gatton (c.1922)</p><br>
<p>Warwick (1923-4)</p><br>
<p>Ipswich Cemetery Cenotaph (1932).</p><br>
<h2>Significance of war memorials in Queensland</h2><br>
<p>Australia, and Queensland in particular, had few civic monuments before the First World War. The memorials erected in the wake of the war became our first national monuments. Australia lost 60,000 from a population of about four million, representing one in five of those who served. The casualty rate of the Australian volunteer military forces was significantly and proportionally higher than any of the other combatant groups, claiming 20% of the Australian volunteers who served, and 1.5% of the total Australian population. Australia&#39;s maturity as a nation and continuing commitment to the "motherland" were proven beyond doubt. No previous or subsequent war has made such a devastating impact on the nation.</p><br>
<p>Even before the end of the war, memorials became a spontaneous and highly visible expression of national grief. To those who erected them, they were as sacred as grave sites, substitute graves for the Australians whose bodies lay in battlefield cemeteries in Europe and the Middle East. British policy decreed that the Empire war dead were to be buried where they fell. The word "cenotaph", commonly applied to war memorials at the time, literally means "empty tomb".</p><br>
<p>Australian war memorials are distinctive in that they often commemorate those who served, not only the dead. Australians were proud that their first great national army, unlike other belligerent armies, was composed entirely of volunteers, men worthy of honour whether or not they made the supreme sacrifice. Many memorials honour all who served from a locality, not just the dead, providing valuable evidence of community involvement in the war. Such evidence is not readily obtainable from military records, or from state or national listings, where names are categorised alphabetically or by military unit.</p><br>
<p>Australian war memorials are also valuable evidence of imperial and national loyalties, at the time not seen as conflicting; the skills of local stonemasons, metalworkers and architects; and of popular taste. In Queensland, the soldier statue was the popular choice of memorial, whereas the obelisk was favoured in the southern states, where overall responsibility for the approval of war memorials fell under the jurisdiction of a Board made up of artists and architects.</p><br>
<p>Although there are many different types of memorials in Queensland, the digger statue is the most common. It was the most popular choice of communities responsible for erecting the memorials, seen as embodying the ANZAC spirit and representing the qualities of the ideal Australian: loyalty, courage, youth, innocence and masculinity.</p><br>
<p>The digger and the little digger statues are an iconic Queensland memorial form. Oxley Memorial Park is an exemplar of this class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>War memorials are the focal point for the local community during the solemn annual ceremonies of 25 April, Anzac Day, the Australian national day of commemoration and remembrance for all those who have fallen in war. The Anzac Day dawn ceremony, the one minute of silence, the Ode and the bugle call of the Last Post are especially poignant and moving experiences for Australians, young and old alike. The Oxley War Memorial encapsulates this aesthetic for the local community, and for the wider Australian community.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Oxley War Memorial stands to the northwest of a small rectangular park on the corner of Oxley Road and Bannerman Street. The park setting contains grassed areas, decorative planted beds and hedges, scattered trees, children&#39;s play equipment and the war memorial monument.</p><br>
<p>The sandstone and marble monument stands on a low dressed stone plinth surrounded by stone pavers. A stepped sandstone pedestal bears a sandstone soldier figure facing west. Identifiably Australian with a slouch hat and "rising sun" hat badge, the little digger stands at ease with hands resting on his rifle in the reversed arms position.</p><br>
<p>Carved squat bollards stand to each corner of the stone paver surround and are linked by hollow metal tube rails to the north, east and south. A rectangular decorative garden is planted to the north and south of the paver surround. Three flagpoles stand to the east of the monument.</p><br>
<p>Surmounting the plinth is the little digger statue. The soldier stands at ease with his head slightly bowed and his rifle reversed resting on his left boot. The hands are crossed and resting on the rifle butt. He is supported by a tree trunk located behind and to his right side.</p><br>
<p>The west face of the dado bears a marble plaque commemorating those associated with of the district who fell in the First World War. It reads:</p><br>
<p>OXLEY HONOURS THE MEMORY OF W. M. BOURKE R. PRICE W. COOLING T. L. ROWLANDS W. CROCK R. L. SINNAMON M. ENRIGHT C.H. TOWNSON J. FISHER S.J. TOWNSON A. J. GIBBINGS A. WEBSTER S. HAGGER D. WEBSTER C. MITCHELL WHO FELL IN THE GREAT WAR 1914-1919</p><br>
<p>Small marble plaques to the north and south faces commemorate involvement in the Second World War (1939–45); the Korean War (1950-53); the Malayan Emergency (1950–60); Borneo; & the Vietnam War (1962–72). Bronze military badges of the Australian Armed Services are fixed to the base of the pedestal.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Oxley War Memorial was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 4 July 2006 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Oxley War Memorial is an important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history representing a recurrent theme that involved most communities throughout the State. It provides evidence from an era of widespread Australian patriotism and nationalism, particularly during and following the First World War. The monument provides a unique documentary record of the fallen, and demonstrates popular taste of the inter-war period.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Unveiled in 1920, the memorial at Oxley demonstrates the principal characteristics of a commemorative structure erected as an enduring record of a major historical event. This is achieved through the use of appropriate materials and design elements. As a digger statue, it is representative of the most popular form of memorial in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Oxley War Memorial is an important visual component of the streetscape, a prominent and sombre landmark within a landscaped park setting on a busy arterial road. The little digger statue displays a high level of workmanship and design, additionally contributing to its aesthetic quality.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Oxley War Memorial has a strong and continuing association with the community as evidence of the districts involvement in the First World War. The more recent additions to the memorial for the remembrance of other major offensives during the 20th century, informs us of the historical continuity of the place, and its social & cultural relevance to the community.The Oxley War Memorial is also the focal point for the districts annual Anzac Day memorial services.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The sandstone sculpture of the little digger atop the marble monument seated on a sandstone pedestal is a fine example of the work of the Queensland mason and sculptor Frederick Williams of F Williams & Co, Ipswich. Williams was responsible for a large number of First World War cenotaphs throughout the Brisbane River Valley and the Ipswich area of south-eastern Queensland. It is believed that Williams used his young 14-year-old son as the model and inspiration for this work, as well as for his other little digger statues.</p><br>
<p>Bulimba House is a heritage-listed detached house at 34 Kenbury Street, Bulimba, Queensland, Australia. It was designed and built by Andrew Petrie from 1849 to 1850. It is also known as Toogoolawah. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Bulimba House was erected in 1849-50 for early Queensland pastoralists David and Mary McConnel. David had established Cressbrook in the Brisbane Valley in 1841, the second run in the Moreton Bay district of New South Wales.</p><br>
<p>In mid-1849 he purchased 173 acres (69 hectares) of land on the angle of the Brisbane River approximately five miles downstream from Brisbane Town. The subtropical rainforest area was known to the local Aborigines as Tugulawa or Toogoolawah, meaning "shape of heart". Here McConnel established an experimental farm, attempting to prove that cash-crop agriculture was a viable activity in Moreton Bay. Early crops included cotton, wheat, barley, maize, oats, lucerne, rye grass and yams.</p><br>
<p>Whilst residing at Kangaroo Point in the second half of 1849, McConnel employed builder Andrew Petrie to construct the house at Toogoolawah, the first masonry Tudor style homestead in the Brisbane region. The stone, as sandstone without directional grain, was quarried from the nearby Quarries Reach of the Brisbane River, and Moreton Bay cedar was employed in both the structure and the finishes. Cabinetmaker Robert Towell was engaged to craft most of the furniture on the spot, using local cedar and stained pine.</p><br>
<p>McConnel and his wife Mary moved to Toogoolawah in December 1849, living in the detached service wing until the main house was completed. By 1852 they were using the Aboriginal name from the Whites Hill area which was already the official name for the whole parish - Bulimba, meaning place of the magpie lark or peewee.</p><br>
<p>Situated on a rise in the centre of the property, Bulimba House overlooked the entire estate and boasted sweeping panoramic views from every window. It functioned as the centrepiece of a model manorial farm which, besides the cash cropping, operated self-sufficiently with a dairy herd, numerous livestock and poultry, kitchen garden and extensive orchard.</p><br>
<p>By 1853 the farm comprised 220 acres and included a variety of outbuildings: kitchen, laundry, store, stable, coachhouse, workrooms, dairies, barns and workers&#39; cottages. In the early years eighty to one hundred men were employed on the estate, although some of these were probably seasonal, and various wives and daughters served in the house, kitchen, laundry and dairy.</p><br>
<p>In manorial tradition, McConnel encouraged his workers to establish their own farms, selling them small portions of the Bulimba property for which they made regular repayments from their wages, and were given time off to clear and cultivate.</p><br>
<p>Due to Mary McConnel&#39;s ill health the property was sold in February 1853 to pastoralist Donald Coutts for £5,000, and the McConnels returned temporarily to Britain. Most of the household furniture also was sold at this time.</p><br>
<p>Coutts later subdivided the estate but remained in the house until his death in 1869. Since then the house has been owned or rented by a number of prominent Brisbanites including Arthur Edward Moore, Premier of Queensland from 1929 to 1932, who purchased Bulimba House in 1935. The property remains a family home on a much reduced site of 0.65 hectares. Substantial additions to the rear of the house and some internal alterations were made during the 1970s by the owners at the time. The timber kitchen and service wing was demolished at this time. The current owners have undertaken extensive conservation work throughout the house and have refurbished the kitchen.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Bulimba House is a fine two-storeyed sandstone and brick residence which sits on the rise of gently sloping hill, and is set in a garden containing mature trees. The house in its setting makes a picturesque contribution to the Bulimba townscape. Bulimba House has a steeply pitched terracotta tiled gabled roof, with substantial chimneys rising above the roof line. The external form expresses a simple L-shaped plan; the front (north) elevation has two projecting gables to the western end, and a deep ground floor verandah with a terracotta tiled skillion roof to the eastern end. The back of the house (to the south) also has a deep ground floor verandah with a (now enclosed) verandah above.</p><br>
<p>The exterior is modestly detailed, comprising tooled square-coursed sandstone to the north, west and eastern facades, and English bond brickwork south. The roof tiles have small turtle emblems. The front elevation has single central casement windows to the gable ends, with a projecting bay window to the ground floor. The windows have curved pressed metal hoods with heart-shaped motifs (a later addition), and the bay window has smooth grey sandstone dressings. The gable ends have deep timber boarded eaves with terracotta finials. The verandah is supported on chamfered octagonal timber posts with rounded capitals, and has timber boarded spandrel panels with internally exposed bracing. The verandah ceiling is timber boarded.</p><br>
<p>The south verandah also has chamfered octagonal timber posts and timber spandrels (now partly obscured by later alterations). The end elevations are more utilitarian, with only three openings to the west and a small room under the skillion roof surmounted by a gable end to the east. The brickwork to the back (south) elevation has up-struck mortar.</p><br>
<p>The interior contains some fine detailing. It has cedar and hoop pine joinery throughout. The centrally located entrance hall has cedar stairs with a finely turned and carved balustrade. An ogee-shaped archway decorates the foot of the stairs. The Dining Room has a deep plaster cornice, and a fireplace with a finely carved mantelpiece, and tiled and cast iron surrounds. It also contains a bay window which sits in an arched recess. The bay window has sliding internal timber shutters which are encased in timber panels under the window sill. The Drawing Room has a cornice with a deep shadow line, a deep three- piece pine and cedar skirting, and a cast iron and tiled fireplace with a marble mantelpiece. It has timber louvred shutters and timber double doors set in deep timber reveals opening onto the verandahs.</p><br>
<p>The upstairs rooms have raked ceilings, and contain fireplaces with timber and marble mantelpieces.</p><br>
<p>The gardens contain a circular drive, a timber flagpole and several of the mature trees on the property, which include mangoes, camphor laurels and jacarandas.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Bulimba House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Bulimba House is significant historically as the focus of one of Brisbane&#39;s earliest experimental riverine farms, and has an important association with the growth of Bulimba as a farming community in the 1850s.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>It is rare as an early surviving sandstone homestead in Brisbane, and evidences the skills of Brisbane&#39;s early Scottish carpenters and stonemasons.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The house is a fine, modestly-detailed building, containing some finely-detailed internal elements, and in its setting makes a picturesque contribution to the Bulimba townscape.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The house is a fine, modestly-detailed building, containing some finely-detailed internal elements, and in its setting makes a picturesque contribution to the Bulimba townscape.</p><br>
<p>Bulimba State School is a heritage-listed state school at 261 Oxford Street, Bulimba, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1915 to 1955. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 26 November 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Bulimba State School was first established in 1866 and contains several generations of buildings and structures that have been erected by the Department of Public Works to meet the growing needs of the community and are representative of some of the developments in education policy in Queensland since that time.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the establishment of the Bulimba State School, classes were held initially at Bulimba House (the home of David McConnel) and then at the Baptist Church. In April 1866, a public meeting was held in the Bulimba Ferry Hotel with a view to raising funds for the construction of a National School. As the first settled agricultural district in the colony, the need for such a school had been felt for some time, but had been prevented by limited funds. Subscriptions of £61 were made at the meeting and through submissions from the meeting and the subsequent actions of a building committee, an agreement was reached by the Government to establish the school.</p><br>
<p>Michael Robinson&#39;s tender of £230 for a 18-foot x14 foot school building and a residence was accepted in June 1866 and due for completion by the following October. In the interim, the school opened on 16 July 1866 in the Wesleyan Chapel.</p><br>
<p>The first school building and residence were aligned and located at the top of the site in the south east corner facing south-west. As the district prospered and enrolments grew, extra classrooms were required and two additional timber wings were added to the school, which was raised at the turn of the century to allow for eight teaching rooms at ground level.</p><br>
<p>Further additions were required within a decade and, in 1915, a separate infants building was erected facing Oxford Street. It was a highset timber framed building erected on timber stumps to provide toilets and a play space underneath the building. It was clad in weatherboards with an asbestos cement slate roof and was lined internally with tongue and groove v-jointed boards to the walls and coved ceiling. The hat rooms at each end of the verandah were unlined internally and the remainder of the verandah had vertical balustrading. Two flights of uncovered external timber stairs provided access to the verandah between which the teachers&#39; room was attached. The building comprised three classrooms with southern lighting and ventilation provided by a large bank of windows comprising casements, centre pivoting sashes and hoppers at the top to provide a variety of ventilation options. This arrangement was repeated, at the eastern and western ends of the building, both of which were protected by sunshades.</p><br>
<p>There were many representations made by the staff, the Parents and Citizen&#39;s Association, school committees, and local politicians during the late twenties and thirties to accommodate the ever-growing school population. In the early thirties, enrolments exceeded 520, of which over 150 were infants and it was resolved that the group of older timber classrooms should be replaced with a new building to accommodate 400, allowing the infants annexe, which was in good condition, to remain.</p><br>
<p>The effects of the economic depression on building work in Queensland in the 1930s was dramatic and building work came to a standstill. The Queensland Government committed to providing impetus to the economy by embarking on capital works and relief works building programs from the early thirties until the late forties.</p><br>
<p>The relief works program favoured works involving local manual labour. It was through this scheme that the Bulimba State Schools site was levelled off and tennis and basketball courts were built in 1935, followed by the erection of retaining walls to two frontages and to the tennis court, which were completed in 1937 to drawings prepared by Gilbert Robert Beveridge. Beveridge prepared the plans for the new school building which was one of many substantial two and three storey schools built during this time, providing tangible proof of the Governments commitment to remedy the unemployment situation.</p><br>
<p>The brick Bulimba State School building was completed in 1938 and cost £21,965. The building comprised two storeys and a basement constructed of brick and concrete with a tile roof. The Ground floor was to provide for six class rooms (240 pupils) two teachers rooms and a clerk rooms. The first floor was to provide for seven classrooms (272 pupils), one teachers room, and a cloak room a total accommodation of 512 pupils. The Basement contained play areas and lavatories for teachers and pupils and a complete drainage system was provided with septic tank.</p><br>
<p>The next phase of major building activity occurred in the fifties. Around 1952, the Infant School must have suffered from some form of subsidence, as a program of works was initiated to include rectification work, general plumbing and straightening of the building and strengthening of the roof. Southern windows to the end classrooms were replaced with hoppers at this time and other general improvements were made.</p><br>
<p>The swimming pool and dressing sheds were erected in 1955, in the location of a disused tennis court, with funds raised from parents and supporters during 1953-55 and subsidised by the Queensland Government.</p><br>
<p>In 1957, a new two-storey classroom addition at the northern end of the building above the single storey female toilets provided the building with its present symmetrical form. Plans for future extensions to this building, with wings on the western face at the northern and southern ends, were not proceeded with and, in 1959, a highset timber framed building supported on an open web truss system on concrete stumps was erected.</p><br>
<p>The school celebrated its 150th Anniversary by holding a Bulimba Heritage Weekend (22-23 July 2016) which included a gala dinner, DVD, and Commemorative book "Play the Game" published by Russell Turner, Jim Tunstall, and the Bulimba District Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>On 25 October 2017 in the schools hall, former Prime Minister Kevin Rudd launched the first volume of his autobiography "Not for the faint-hearted: a personal reflection on life, politics and purpose" which chronicled his life until becoming prime minister in 2007. The school is within Rudds former electorate of Griffith.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Bulimba State School is located on a 1.88 hectare site and is bound by Oxford Street to the north, Wentworth parade to the East, Riding Road to the West and by Barton Parade and freehold property to the South. It is a steeply sloping west facing site with levelled areas occupied by school buildings and parade and play areas at the top of the site. Pathways west of Block B and south of Block C wind down the steep embankment to the netball courts, cricket facilities and bottom oval on more level ground at the Riding Road and Barton Parade boundaries to the site.</p><br>
<p>The school buildings and structures comprise Block A, B, C and D (a demountable classroom), a new administration and resource centre and a timber framed classroom block under construction. Concrete walls retain both Wentworth Parade and Oxford Street (from the corner to the swimming pool) boundaries. A tennis court is located on the north-eastern corner, several metres above street level. Between the tennis court and the swimming pool, the demountable building -Block D, a shelter shed and the adventure playground are located.</p><br>
<p>Block A and B form the eastern and northern boundaries to the parade area, part of which is now occupied by the new outdoor learning area and verandahs of the new resource and administration building. A new classroom building is located to the west of Block B.</p><br>
<p>The in ground concrete swimming pool has covered seating and changing rooms enclosing it to the north, east and west. Block C, the former infant school and now used as the Preschool, is located to the west of the swimming pool and faces Oxford Street.</p><br>
<p>Block A is a symmetrical two storey load bearing brick building with basement and hipped terracotta tiled roof. The primary and secondary entrances to the building are expressed by a projected pedimented gable wing to the west and a pair of breakfronts to the east. A prominent fleche is centrally located.</p><br>
<p>The treatment of the elevations creates a basement level distinct from the two floors of the school proper above. The load bearing brick work to the basement is rendered and ruled to form a plinth upon which bays of stretcher bond red brickwork are relieved with pilasters of contrasting Flemish bond dark glazed brickwork shafts with cement rendered bases and capitals of restrained detail. The horizontal banding of the frieze to the pedimented gable and breakfronts continues below the eaves around the perimeter of the building. The main entry is expressed by a pedimented doorway and the symmetry reinforced by two straight flight of stairs with half landing from the north and south.</p><br>
<p>At basement level, a play space occupies the area between the north and south stairwells with boys lavatories at the southern end of the building and girls lavatories to the north. Separate facilities were provided for infants, older children and teachers and have now been altered to include a parents room and storage areas. Seats to curtain walls, drinking taps and troughs, and store areas under main entry stair are also located in the basement which has a low floor to floor height compared to the floors above. Detailing in the play area includes bullnose brickwork on freestanding and engaged piers, eliminating right angle corners to reduce injury.</p><br>
<p>The classrooms have timber floors supported on a series of articulated steel beams expressed in the ceiling detailing and stairwells; corridors and utility areas have suspended concrete floors. Downpipes are located within the walls. Four four-light casement windows with fanlights above provide ventilation to the corridor and into the classroom through double hung windows</p><br>
<p>On the ground floor, the main entry hall separates the office and head teachers rooms. The hall leads to the centre of a north-south corridor which provides access to five classrooms between the north and south stair halls. The central three classrooms are divided by folding partition doors. A cloak room and cleaners sink are provided at the eastern end of each stairwell. Another classroom and cloak room is located in the end bay at the southern end of the building. A similar layout exists on the first floor.</p><br>
<p>Block B is a high set timber framed building supported on steel open web joists with a cantilevered portion supporting the verandah. Stairs at the eastern and western ends provide access to a narrow verandah on the northern side of the building which contains a continuous hat and bag rack and provides access to the three classrooms. This building is of a type of which there are numerous examples, several of which are more comparatively intact and which represent a more extensive use of this type of structure.</p><br>
<p>Block C is a high set timber framed structure on concrete stumps. Three classrooms have been made into two and folding partitions have been removed as well as large sections of walls to the verandahs. The verandahs have been enclosed and stairs have been altered. The roof sheeting has been more recently replaced with corrugated iron and the roof fleche removed. Ceilings are coved and lined with tongue and groove V jointed boards verandahs enclosed stair altered, windows altered etc. This building is also of a type where there are many more intact and representative examples throughout Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Biscoe Wilson Architects later oversaw the construction of the new 10 General Learning Areas (GLA) and Library along Oxford Street.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Bulimba State School was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 26 November 1999, having satisfied the following criteria:</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>At Bulimba State School, established in 1866, the variety of building types and structures from different periods are representative of some of the many developments in education policy in Queensland and demonstrate the evolution of the school and the community.</p><br>
<p>The brick Bulimba State School building and the concrete retaining walls and associated fences and gates constructed in 1937-1938 are significant as a tangible demonstration of the Queensland Government&#39;s commitment to providing impetus to an economy and building industry reeling from the effects of the 1930s depression. The retaining walls, fences, gates and courts also have special significance for the local community as the work relief scheme employed local workers.</p><br>
<p>The main building, Block A, erected in 1937-38 is significant as a substantial interwar building which reflects the growth and stability of the population of Bulimba.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Bulimba State School demonstrates the principle characteristics of a primary school precinct with a hierarchy of structures and open spaces built over several generations for educational purposes by the Department of Education. The school&#39;s structures and grounds provide a series of formal and informal spaces including open playground spaces, a formal parade ground, pathways, sports areas, swimming pool and tennis court facilities as well as undercroft and verandah areas.</p><br>
<p>It is an excellent and intact urban example of a substantial interwar building and displays the particular characteristics of this school building type. The use of brick and restrained detailing is typical for government buildings of the period, and Bulimba State School principal building follows in the tradition of fine buildings erected by the Queensland Public Works Department.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It is a fine example of a school building designed by the office of the Queensland Government Architect and has aesthetic significance brought about by its massing and restrained classical detailing.</p><br>
<p>Bulimba State School and grounds is also significant for the landmark value of its principal building and setting which provides a reference point in the community. The imposing massing and scale of the brick building looms high atop Carlton Hill above surrounding suburban development with commanding views afforded both to and from the site to Moreton Bay, Hamilton and New Farm.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Bulimba State School is valued by its community for the essential community function it provides and as a link between the past and present through its long traditional connection with the area.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Bulimba State School principal building follows in the tradition of fine buildings erected by the Queensland Public Works Department.</p><br>
<p>Eulalia is a heritage-listed villa at 75 McIllwraith Avenue, Norman Park, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1889. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Eulalia is a single-storeyed brick house which was constructed in 1889. The land on which the house stands was first bought by August Dimper who purchased 88 acres in 1860. In 1888, the land was further subdivided and 22 acres was purchased by Patrick Real.</p><br>
<p>In the following year Real employed Brisbane architects, John Hall & Sons to design a house for the site and Morley Whitehead of Ipswich were subsequently contracted to build Eulalia, a Greek word meaning speaking well of everybody. At this period, John Smith Murdoch was employed in the office of John Hall and Sons and it is possible that he may have been the designer for Eulalia.</p><br>
<p>Patrick Real was the son of impoverished Irish emigrants and left school at twelve to become an apprentice carpenter and later to work at the North Ipswich Railway Workshops. After deciding on a legal career, he studied law and was admitted to the bar at the age of twenty-seven. By the time he built Eulalia in 1889, his practice was one of the largest in Queensland. Real was appointed to the Supreme Court of Queensland bench in 1890 and in 1903 he became Senior Puisne Judge. He retired in 1922 and died in 1928.</p><br>
<p>After Real&#39;s death, the house was closed and left vacant for a decade during which time it fell victim to vandals and the weather, becoming known locally as the haunted house. Most of the land had been subdivided and sold by 1925 leaving a property of about 2.2 hectares surrounding the house.</p><br>
<p>In 1938 Eulalia was bought by Stanley and Sheilah Hancock who restored the property, discovering many items in the gardens where they had been discarded by vandals, and re-instating them in the house.</p><br>
<p>The Hancock family first arrived in Queensland when they moved from Sydney to Ipswich in the late 1850s. The family established a successful timber milling business which involved five generations of the Hancock family and continued until the late 1970s. Stanley Hancock was president of the National Trust of Queensland from 1974 to 1978. This was a period when a number of National Trust of Queensland properties were established including Bellevue Homestead, Claremont and Brennan & Geraghtys Store.</p><br>
<p>Whilst Eulalia was a family home for the Hancocks, they also used it as a venue for fundraising functions for a number of Brisbane charities.</p><br>
<p>This "public" use of Eulalia was further expanded in 1965, when the Hancocks established Early Street Historical Village in the grounds of Eulalia. The establishment of the Village is the earliest known example of the Queensland practice of creating "historical villages" by moving various buildings to one central site. It is therefore demonstrative of the development of conservation practice and theory in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Early Street Historical Village closed in 1998 having reached "the end of its life in terms of public appreciation". The other buildings on the site were auctioned off; most were relocated to outer suburban sites for use as housing.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Built on a prominent hill with expansive views, Eulalia is a single-storeyed house with two rear wings, rendered brick walls and a hipped slate roof.</p><br>
<p>The entire block on which Eulalia and the adjacent Early Street Historical Village are located is planted with mature gums, palm trees, bunya pines, jacarandas and bougainvillea and many other species, making it a dominant landmark in an otherwise typical suburban setting and one of the few surviving examples of mature planting in the area. These plantings are also instrumental in conveying an impression of the original semi-rural setting of Eulalia.</p><br>
<p>Associated structures on the site include a tank stand and a substantially modified coach house.</p><br>
<p>The house faces north and comprises a pedimented entrance porch leading onto a wide verandah, flanked by two projecting bays. The verandah continues around three sides of the house, featuring a cast iron balustrade separated by tapered octagonal timber posts with decorative capitals and fretwork brackets. The principal timber is beech.</p><br>
<p>Tessellated floor tiles continue from the slate steps at the porch through the entry and into the wide hallway. The main door is panelled, with leaded glass sidelights and an etched fanlight featuring gum leaves, a swallow and a dragonfly. A similarly lit doorway is located at the opposite end of the hall. On the right of the hallway are separate drawing and dining rooms, the former incorporating a window bay with Doric fluted columns and pilasters on either side, and the latter a set of cedar folding doors which can be folded back to create one large area incorporating the hallway. On the left of the hall are the master bed, dressing and sitting rooms.</p><br>
<p>Joinery throughout the house is of cedar, including architraves and pedimented overdoors which reach almost to the plaster cornice of sixteen feet high ceilings. The ornate drawing room mantelpiece is of a mahogany, whilst others are of oak. The long sash windows which open from the main rooms onto the verandah feature hinged dog-doors at floor level. At the end of the hall, the house divides into two wings, one dowel-balustraded verandah on the left leading to the bathroom and two bedrooms, and the other on the right to the former study and service rooms including a kitchen, pantry, maid&#39;s room and laundry. A large cellar is located beneath this wing.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Eulalia was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Constructed in 1889, Eulalia and its grounds are important for the evidence they provide of the way of life of prosperous citizens in the outer reaches of Brisbane in the late nineteenth century.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The house is important as an example of a fine quality 1880s Queensland residence of masonry construction that is substantially intact, both externally and internally. It is also an uncommon example of a 19th-century residence still located in substantial grounds which separate it from the surrounding suburban development. The grounds and gardens, which contain mature plantings including gums, palm trees, bunya pines, jacarandas and bougainvillea contribute to the overall integrity of the place.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It has several rare and highly decorative architectural features, including the verandahs surrounding the bay windows and their finely detailed verandah posts and brackets. These features, combined with the fine quality of interior finishes and fittings, including cedar joinery, internal pilasters and columns, and flooring of tessellated tiles give Eulalia considerable aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Its prominent location and mature plantings ensure that the entire site is a significant landmark in the area.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Eulalia is significant for its association with its first owner, the Hon. Patrick Real Senior who was a prominent Brisbane lawyer and Puisne Judge in the early 1890s and is perpetuated in the surrounding streets, including Judge, Patrick and Real Streets. Katherine Street is named after a family member.</p><br>
<p>It is also significant for its association with its second owner, Stanley Hancock who was President of the National Trust of Queensland from 1974 to 1978, and was influential in the early conservation of Queensland&#39;s heritage.</p><br>
<p>Eulalia also has strong association with the adjacent Early Street Historical Village, established in 1965 in conjunction with the house by the Hancocks as the first known heritage property in Queensland to be promoted as a tourist and educational attraction.</p><br>
<p>Brisbane City Council Tramways Substation No. 9 is a heritage-listed electrical substation at 97 Wynnum Road, Norman Park, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1935. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 August 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Brisbane City Council Tramways substation no 9 was built to the design of Brisbane City Council Tramways architect Roy Rusden Ogg around 1935 during a period of tramways expansion.</p><br>
<p>Horse-drawn trams operated in Brisbane from August 1885, operated by an English company, Metropolitan Tramway and Investment Co. Ltd. The first public supply of electricity in Brisbane was from a generator in Edison Lane, which supplied the General Post Office in 1888. Early development in the industry was in the hands of a number of private companies and the situation was complex because the metropolitan area comprised fourteen separate local authorities. After various liquidations and restructurings the City Electric Light Company Limited (CEL) was established in 1904. Parallel development took place in electric traction. The Brisbane Tramways Company, a private enterprise formed in 1895, introduced the first electric trams to Brisbane in 1897 after purchasing the early horse car system, converting it to electric operation and expanding and extending the routes. A power station to supply current to the electric trams was constructed in Countess Street in 1897.</p><br>
<p>The tramway system extended out into the suburbs, the Countess Street power station was unable to supply all the energy requirements. Two engine sets from Countess Street were transferred to a building in Logan Road to provide for a feeding point for the system on the south side of the river. Supply was also fed from the tramway 550-volt DC mains to a number of establishments along the tramway routes, such as butcher shops, sawmills and factories. By 1918, the whole of the tramways public power supply equipment in South Brisbane was sold to the City Electric Light Company, which developed a supply for South Brisbane from its power station in William Street. At the conclusion of the First World War there was general support for the notion that the tramway system be owned and operated by a public authority rather than a private company. In 1922, an Act of Parliament inaugurated the Brisbane Tramway Trust.</p><br>
<p>The establishment in 1925 of the Brisbane City Council created a single public authority that could plan for the provision of electrical services throughout the entire city. Expansion of electricity supply and the development of better public transport networks were important issues for the Greater Brisbane City Council and were closely linked to suburban development. At this time the situation of energy generation and supply was chaotic. Three small obsolete power stations generated energy for trams and electricity for Ithaca and Toowong and the supply for all other suburbs was purchased in bulk from CEL under 10 year agreements.</p><br>
<p>The 1920s and 1930s was a period of tramways expansion following the BCC acquisition of the tramways system from the Brisbane Tramways Trust in 1925. In 1926 the Greater Brisbane Council, anxious to control the city&#39;s electricity supply, decided to build its own powerhouse at New Farm, under the supervision of the BCC Tramways Department. Opened on 28 June 1928, New Farm Power Station distributed 1100 kW AC power to a network of 11 suburban tramways substations erected in the 1920s and 1930s. The substations were located at strategic points throughout the system - substations No. 2 (Russell Street) and No. 6 (Windsor) came into service in 1927, No. 4 (Petrie Terrace) and No. 5 (Newstead) in 1928; Substation No. 9 (Norman Park) came on line in 1935.</p><br>
<p>Considerable attention was given to the design of the substations serving the tramway system. The architecture was marked by the stylistic preferences of individual architects particularly the Brisbane City Architects AH Foster and FG Costello and the BCC Tramways architect RR Ogg. Although they were robust utility buildings, generally small in scale, elegant proportions and such details as finely crafted brickwork distinguished them. Prior to 1940, their design was the responsibility of BCC Tramways Department architect and construction engineer, Roy Rusden Ogg. In conjunction with the tramway&#39;s chief engineers Nelson and Arundell, he designed at least 10 Brisbane substations between 1926 and 1936 and the first two stages of the New Farm powerhouse. Ogg also designed the Tramways Departments Head Office building on Coronation Drive in 1929.</p><br>
<p>The Norman Park substation remained in service until the phasing out of Brisbanes trams in the late 1960s. In 1969 the line was closed and the substations electrical equipment was removed, though the travelling crane remains. The building became a State Emergency Services Depot and changes were made to the interior to accommodate this use. The lower level of the original two level floor has been extended to park a rescue boat and a steel and timber framed mezzanine floor has been inserted in the main building space. A single storey garage was added on the northern side</p><br>
<p>Since 2007, the substation has been leased by Metro Arts as artists&#39; studios. Its newfound role has attracted the opening of the ArtWorld Studio Gallery on the adjacent Bodalla Street.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former substation is a two-storey building of austere appearance and is constructed of dark, glazed brick. It occupies most of the block at the corner of Wynnum Road and Norman Avenue with its long axis at right angles to Wynnum Road to the north.</p><br>
<p>The metal clad roof is concealed by a stepped parapet and engaged piers form shallow decorative panels in the brickwork. The building is placed on a flush rendered plinth and the high window openings have heads and sills of concrete render. Finely detailed sheet metal rainwater heads and downpipes are prominently placed on the north and south elevations and contribute to the verticality of the design. The western side, facing Norman Avenue, features a large steel roller shutter protected by a curved metal hood.</p><br>
<p>The southern end of the building has been extended to accommodate a toilet. This single storey extension features panels of English bond and garden bond brickwork formed between engaged corner piers. Remnant concrete slabs and brick walls provide evidence of previous structures near this extension.</p><br>
<p>The interior has been modified to accommodate State Emergency Service use. A steel and timber framed floor has been inserted into the main volume of the building and the ceiling formed is lined with fibrous cement sheeting finished with timber cover strips. The lower level of the original floor is used to park a rescue boat and accommodates a secure mesh enclosure. A kitchen and dining area occupy the upper level of this floor. The original travelling crane remains, running north south for the entire length of the building and supported on steel rails resting on corbelled brickwork. All of the internal brickwork has been painted white.</p><br>
<p>A sheet metal and concrete block garage has been erected between the former substation and Wynnum Road.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Brisbane City Council Tramways Substation No 9 was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 August 2003 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former tramways substation is important in demonstrating an important aspect of Queenslands industrial development and is closely linked to Brisbanes suburban expansion in the 1920s and 30s and with the development of the electricity supply system.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The former substation is now uncommon evidence for an important mode of transport, which was discontinued in Brisbane in 1969 and for which much of the infrastructure has since been removed.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>In design, scale and materials, the former substation is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of the Brisbane tramways substations.</p><br>
<p>As a well-conceived utility structure, it is important as a fine example of the municipal work of tramways architect Roy Rusden Ogg.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The former substation contributes to the streetscape, its quality of design and materials enabling the prominently placed building to successfully combine function and a pleasing appearance.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>As a well-conceived utility structure, it is important as a fine example of the municipal work of tramways architect Roy Rusden Ogg.</p><br>
<p>The Glen Carbon Grade School is a historic school building located at 124 School Street in Glen Carbon, Illinois. The two-story brick school has a Romanesque-influenced design planned by John William Kennedy. The school was built in 1914 to replace Glen Carbons one-room schoolhouse, which its student population had outgrown. A four-room frame building supplemented both the old and new schools, so Glen Carbon had eight classrooms in total with its new school. Grades one through four were taught in the new building, while the upper grades used the frame building. The school was part of the Edwardsville school district, and students who wished to attend high school did so in Edwardsville. Glen Carbon was a European immigrant community, and its students reflected the villages wide variety of ethnic groups. The parents of the village, who mainly worked as coal miners, often volunteered for school events. When a new school opened in 1954, the village purchased the building for office space; it now houses the Glen Carbon Historical Museum.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 25, 2014.</p><br>
